Figure 2. Aerodynamic sampling efficiency of the 3D printed dog’s nose during active sniffing versus steady inspiration measured via polyurethane foam (PUF) vapor collection with subsequent chemical extraction.

(a) Schematic diagram illustrating the vapor source distance from the 3D printed dog’s nose model. (b) Photograph of the 3D printed nose that includes a removable PUF insert within the flow path in the vestibule of the nose that collects inspired DNT vapor. (c) Results from three paired trials that demonstrate an almost ten-fold increase in collected DNT vapor for active sniffing compared to steady inspiration. The average was 9.5 ± 0.37 ng/liter for active sniffing and 1.16 ± 0.23 ng/liter for pure inspiration.