Table 1.
Participant Characteristics According to Group and Overall (N = 154)
| Measure | Usual Care Control, n = 49 | Supplement Intervention, n = 52 | Snack Intervention, n = 53 | Overall, N = 154 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 41 (83.7) | 41 (78.9) | 42 (79.2) | 124 (80.5) |
| White, n (%) | 38 (77.6) | 80.8(42) | 77.4(41) | 121 (78.6) |
| Age, mean ± SD | 81.9 ± 13.5 | 85.2 ± 10.7 | 82.2 ± 11.3 | 83.1 ± 11.9 |
| Length of stay, years, mean ± sd | 4.6 ± 4.7 | 3.0 ± 3.1 | 3.4 ± 4.2 | 3.6 ± 4.0 |
| Medical | ||||
| Diagnosis of depression, n (%) | 34 (69.4) | 29 (55.8) | 28 (52.8) | 91 (59.1) |
| Diagnosis of dementia, n (%) | 39 (79.6) | 43 (82.7) | 38 (71.7) | 120 (77.9) |
| Diagnosis of dysphagia | 55.1(27) | 63.5(33) | 45.3(24) | 84 (54.5) |
| ≥1 anorexigenic medications, n (%) | 32 (65.3) | 32 (61.5) | 32 (60.4) | 96 (62.4) |
| Mini-Mental State Examination total score, mean ± SD (range 0–30) | 14.4 ± 7.9 | 9.4 ± 7.7 | 11.2 ± 8.4 | 11.3 ± 8.4 |
| Nutritional | ||||
| Special diet order, n (%)a | 34 (69.4) | 82.7(43) | 40 (75.5) | 76 (117) |
| Number of days order in place, mean ± SD | 522.5 ± 429.6 | 355.9 ± 347.0 | 368.1 ± 346.8 | 407.2 ± 376.4 |
| Minimum Data Set | ||||
| Eating dependency rating ≥1, n (%)b | 40 (81.6) | 46 (88.5) | 73.6(39) | 125 (81.2) |
| Recent weight loss ≥5% in 30 days or ≥10% in 180 days, n (%) | 4 (8.2) | 8 (15.4) | 13.2(7) | 19 (12.3) |
| Body mass index < 21.0 kg/m2c | 33.3 (16/48) | 30.0 (15/50) | 26.9(14/52) | 30 (45/150) |
| Estimated daily caloric requirements, kcal, mean ± SDd | 1,300.0 ± 272.7 | 1,263.3 ± 313.2 | 1,339.1 ± 344.8 | 1,306.2 ± 321.0 |
a
Included any restrictions (no added salt, no concentrated sugars) or altered texture (ground, mechanical soft, puree, thickened liquids).
b
Rating of need for staff supervision or minimal, extensive, or total assistance to eat.
c
Could not be calculated for four participants who had missing data for height.
d
Men = kg × 23, women = kg × 21.
SD = standard deviation.