Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants in the TH group and the NTH group in the 2011 survey.
| Males (N = 2,504) | Females (N = 4,097) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living condition | Living conditions | TH group (N = 775) | NTH group (n = 1,729) | P-value | TH group (N = 1,227) | NTH group (N = 2,870) | P-value | |
| Age | Age (yr) | Mean (SD) | 62.4 (13.3) | 64.6 (12.9) | < 0.001 | 61.0 (14.0) | 61.5 (13.1) | 0.314 |
| Age class (18–44) | n (%) | 103 (13.3) | 170 (9.8) | < 0.001 | 196 (16.0) | 369 (12.9) | 0.019 | |
| (45–54) | 97 (12.5) | 144 (8.3) | 144 (11.7) | 329 (11.5) | ||||
| (55–64) | 165 (21.3) | 397 (23.0) | 321 (26.2) | 870 (30.3) | ||||
| (65–75) | 279 (36.0) | 650 (37.6) | 380 (31.0) | 896 (31.2) | ||||
| (≥75) | 131 (16.9) | 368 (21.3) | 186 (15.2) | 406 (14.1) | ||||
| Anthropometrical examination | Body weight (kg) | Mean (SD) | 66.5 (11.4) | 65.0 (10.1) | 0.001 | 53.8 (9.3) | 53.7 (8.7) | 0.695 |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 66.0 (0.4) | 65.2 (0.2) | 0.057 | 53.8 (0.3) | 53.7 (0.2) | 0.822 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) | 24.4 (3.6) | 24.2 (3.1) | 0.063 | 23.3 (3.6) | 23.4 (3.5) | 0.833 | |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 24.4 (0.1) | 24.2 (0.1) | 0.181 | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.1) | 0.926 | ||
| Blood pressure | SBP (mmHg) | Mean (SD) | 128.4 (17.2) | 129.5 (17.4) | 0.145 | 123.6 (18.1) | 125.2 (19.1) | 0.014 |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 128.6 (0.6) | 129.3 (0.4) | 0.357 | 123.8 (0.5) | 125.1 (0.3) | 0.029 | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | Mean (SD) | 77.2 (10.6) | 76.5 (10.7) | 0.128 | 72.3 (10.7) | 72.9 (10.5) | 0.067 | |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 77.1 (0.4) | 76.5 (0.3) | 0.205 | 72.3 (0.3) | 72.9 (0.2) | 0.094 | ||
| Blood tests | TC (mg/dl) | Mean (SD) | 199.7 (33.8) | 196.6 (33.9) | 0.037 | 210.4 (34.1) | 209.6 (35.2) | 0.515 |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 199.0 (1.2) | 196.9 (0.8) | 0.140 | 210.5 (1.0) | 209.6 (0.7) | 0.477 | ||
| HDLC (mg/dl) | Mean (SD) | 59.0 (16.9) | 59.2 (16.5) | 0.865 | 67.2 (16.6) | 66.6 (16.4) | 0.272 | |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 59.1 (0.6) | 59.1 (0.4) | 0.930 | 67.1 (0.5) | 66.6 (0.3) | 0.348 | ||
| nonHDLC (mg/dl) | Mean (SD) | 140.7 (35.7) | 137.5 (34.9) | 0.037 | 143.2 (34.8) | 143.0 (36.0) | 0.897 | |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 140.0 (1.3) | 137.8 (0.8) | 0.144 | 143.3 (1.0) | 143.0 (0.7) | 0.787 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | Mean (SD) | 5.75 (0.74) | 5.74 (0.66) | 0.717 | 5.61 (0.46) | 5.65 (0.58) | 0.023 | |
| Adjusted mean (SE) | 5.76 (0.03) | 5.74 (0.02) | 0.368 | 5.61 (0.02) | 5.65 (0.01) | 0.038 | ||
| Life style factors | Current smokers | n (%) | 250 (32.3) | 444 (25.7) | 0.001 | 75 (6.1) | 146 (5.1) | 0.183 |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 30.0 (1.7) | 25.0 (1.1) | 0.013 | 4.0 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.3) | 0.437 | ||
| Quitting smoking | n (%) | 2.0 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.3) | 0.605 | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.936 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 490 (63.2) | 1073 (62.1) | 0.577 | 168 (13.7) | 368 (12.8) | 0.45 | ||
| Drinkers | n (%) | 490 (63.2) | 1073 (62.1) | 0.577 | 168 (13.7) | 368 (12.8) | 0.450 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 63.0 (1.7) | 62.0 (1.2) | 0.674 | 12.0 (0.9) | 11.0 (0.6) | 0.707 | ||
| Low physical activity | n (%) | 506 (65.3) | 1032 (59.7) | 0.008 | 875 (71.3) | 1911 (66.6) | 0.003 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 66.0 (1.7) | 60.0 (1.2) | 0.004 | 71.0 (1.3) | 67.0 (0.9) | 0.002 | ||
| Small number of meals (< 3 times) | n (%) | 70 (9.0) | 70 (4.0) | < 0.001 | 69 (5.6) | 120 (4.2) | 0.044 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 7.0 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 4.0 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.3) | 0.113 | ||
| Psychosocial factors | Poor economic status | n (%) | 507 (65.4) | 802 (46.4) | < 0.001 | 724 (59.0) | 1324 (46.1) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 65.0 (1.7) | 47.0 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 59.0 (1.4) | 46.0 (0.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| Unemployed | n (%) | 167 (21.5) | 259 (15.0) | < 0.001 | 338 (27.5) | 455 (15.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 21.0 (1.5) | 15.0 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 27.0 (1.3) | 15.0 (0.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| Psychological distress | n (%) | 305 (39.4) | 558 (32.3) | 0.001 | 652 (53.1) | 1276 (44.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 39.0 (1.8) | 32.0 (1.1) | 0.002 | 53.0 (1.4) | 44.0 (0.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| Insomnia | n (%) | 247 (31.9) | 373 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 548 (44.7) | 994 (34.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 31.0 (1.7) | 22.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 45.0 (1.4) | 35.0 (0.9) | < 0.001 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors | Overweight | n (%) | 288 (37.2) | 633 (36.6) | 0.792 | 361 (29.4) | 840 (29.3) | 0.921 |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 37.0 (1.7) | 37.0 (1.2) | 0.999 | 29.0 (1.3) | 29.0 (0.9) | 0.872 | ||
| Hypertension | n (%) | 392 (50.6) | 899 (52.0) | 0.513 | 531 (43.3) | 1187 (41.4) | 0.255 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 52.0 (1.9) | 51.0 (1.3) | 0.603 | 41.0 (1.6) | 38.0 (1.0) | 0.124 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | n (%) | 278 (35.9) | 541 (31.3) | 0.024 | 588 (47.9) | 1321 (46.0) | 0.266 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 35.0 (1.7) | 31.0 (1.1) | 0.053 | 48.0 (1.4) | 46.0 (0.9) | 0.215 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 121 (15.6) | 250 (14.5) | 0.453 | 90 (7.3) | 195 (6.8) | 0.533 | |
| Adjusted proportion (SE) | 16.0 (1.3) | 14.0 (0.8) | 0.224 | 6.0 (0.7) | 6.0 (0.5) | 0.521 | ||
In the categorical variables, the upper row indicates n (%) and lower row indicates adjusted proportion (standard error).
In the continuous variables, the upper row indicates mean (standard deviation) and lower row indicates adjusted mean (standard error).
Abbreviations: TH group, temporary housing group; NTH group, non- temporary housing group; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; nonHDLC, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.
In the crude analysis, P-values were calculated using the chi-square test for categorical values and Student’s t-test for continuous values.
In the age-adjusted analysis, P-values were calculated using logistic regression analysis for categorical values and analysis of covariance for continuous values.