Table 4. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori in Indonesia by ethnicity.
| Ethnicity | Island | N | Resistance (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAM | AMX | MNZ | LVX | TCN | |||
| Javanese | Java | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Chinese** | Java and Kalimantan | 10 | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (50.0) | 5 (50.0) | 1 (10.0)* |
| Batak | Sumatera | 19 | 1 (5.2) | 1 (5.2) | 16 (84.2)* | 8 (42.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Papuan | Papua | 7 | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Dayak | Kalimantan | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Buginese | Sulawesi | 6 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.6) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Balinese | Bali | 6 | 1 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Timor | Timor | 15 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.6) | 3 (20.0) | 4 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Minahasanese | Sulawesi | 7 | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Ambonese*** | Java | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0)* | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0)* |
Abbreviations: AMX, amoxicillin; CAM, clarithromycin; MNZ, metronidazole; TCN, tetracycline; LVX, levofloxacin.
* P < 0.05
** Chinese-Indonesians are dispersing throughout the archipelago. In this study, the strains were obtained from Chinese individuals who lived in Surabaya, Java Island, Pontianak, and Kalimantan Island.
*** Ambonese are the predominant group of Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group east of Sulawesi. In this study, the strains were obtained from Ambonese who lived in Surabaya, Java Island.