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. 2015 Dec 17;57(12):1360–1369. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12497

Table 5.

Raw scores for all literacy‐related measures, with effect sizes for between‐group contrasts

Literacy‐related measure (maximum score) Reliability Language trajectory Mean (SD) Effect sizes (d) for group contrasts
Resolving Emerging Persisting
Letter‐sound knowledge t3 (32) .98b TL 30.13 (3.35) 0.11 0.79* 1.14*
Resolving 30.50 (1.83) 0.93 0.82*
Emerging 27.43 (4.01) 0.38
Persisting 25.17 (6.82)
Phoneme deletion t3 (12) .93b TL 7.25 (2.42) 0.25 0.85* 1.30*
Resolving 6.67 (1.89) 0.66 0.91*
Emerging 5.19 (2.52) 0.44
Persisting 4.12 (2.46)
RAN objectsa t3 (n/a) .75b TL 0.91 (0.18) 0.28 1.11* 0.99*
Resolving 0.86 (0.18) 0.79 0.74
Emerging 0.70 (0.21) 0.16
Persisting 0.73 (0.17)
Single word reading t3 (60) .98b TL 12.80 (10.16) 0.53 0.93* 1.13*
Resolving 7.58 (7.76) 0.64 0.92
Emerging 3.90 (4.56) 0.32
Persisting 2.51 (4.26)
Phoneme deletion t5 (24) .93b TL 18.59 (4.76) 0.18 1.14* 0.87*
Resolving 18.17 (2.98) 0.84* 0.64*
Emerging 12.67 (5.90) 0.16
Persisting 13.45 (5.78)
RAN objectsa t5 (n/a) .71b TL 1.14 (0.23) 0.22 0.88* 0.64*
Resolving 1.19 (0.27) 0.99* 0.88
Emerging 0.93 (0.26) 0.11
Persisting 0.99 (0.22)
Nonword reading t5 (20) .90c TL 15.88 (4.30) 0.17 1.01* 0.87*
Resolving 16.58 (3.09) 0.97 0.32*
Emerging 11.14 (6.84) 0.25
Persisting 11.81 (5.82)
Single word reading t5 (60) .98b TL 38.98 (9.96) 0.20 1.31* 1.05*
Resolving 37.00 (7.36) 1.10 0.85
Emerging 25.62 (12.16) 0.20
Persisting 28.05 (12.26)
Spelling t5 (53) .96c TL 26.53 (6.00) 0.10 1.14* 0.98*
Resolving 25.92 (4.66) 1.33 0.99
Emerging 19.90 (4.69) 0.11
Persisting 20.57 (6.42)
Prose reading comprehension t5 (56) .48–.77d TL 36.83 (10.8) 0.23 1.58* 1.51*
Resolving 34.42 (7.81) 1.58* 1.44*
Emerging 19.95 (10.27) 0.09
Persisting 20.81 (10.13)
a

Rate score – number of items correct per second.

b

Internal consistency.

c

Test/retest reliability.

d

Internal consistency across all passages.

*< .05; **< .01; ***< .001.