Table 5.
Literacy‐related measure (maximum score) | Reliability | Language trajectory | Mean (SD) | Effect sizes (d) for group contrasts | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resolving | Emerging | Persisting | ||||
Letter‐sound knowledge t3 (32) | .98b | TL | 30.13 (3.35) | 0.11 | 0.79* | 1.14* |
Resolving | 30.50 (1.83) | – | 0.93 | 0.82* | ||
Emerging | 27.43 (4.01) | – | 0.38 | |||
Persisting | 25.17 (6.82) | – | ||||
Phoneme deletion t3 (12) | .93b | TL | 7.25 (2.42) | 0.25 | 0.85* | 1.30* |
Resolving | 6.67 (1.89) | – | 0.66 | 0.91* | ||
Emerging | 5.19 (2.52) | – | 0.44 | |||
Persisting | 4.12 (2.46) | – | ||||
RAN objectsa t3 (n/a) | .75b | TL | 0.91 (0.18) | 0.28 | 1.11* | 0.99* |
Resolving | 0.86 (0.18) | – | 0.79 | 0.74 | ||
Emerging | 0.70 (0.21) | – | 0.16 | |||
Persisting | 0.73 (0.17) | – | ||||
Single word reading t3 (60) | .98b | TL | 12.80 (10.16) | 0.53 | 0.93* | 1.13* |
Resolving | 7.58 (7.76) | – | 0.64 | 0.92 | ||
Emerging | 3.90 (4.56) | – | 0.32 | |||
Persisting | 2.51 (4.26) | – | ||||
Phoneme deletion t5 (24) | .93b | TL | 18.59 (4.76) | 0.18 | 1.14* | 0.87* |
Resolving | 18.17 (2.98) | – | 0.84* | 0.64* | ||
Emerging | 12.67 (5.90) | – | 0.16 | |||
Persisting | 13.45 (5.78) | – | ||||
RAN objectsa t5 (n/a) | .71b | TL | 1.14 (0.23) | 0.22 | 0.88* | 0.64* |
Resolving | 1.19 (0.27) | – | 0.99* | 0.88 | ||
Emerging | 0.93 (0.26) | – | 0.11 | |||
Persisting | 0.99 (0.22) | – | ||||
Nonword reading t5 (20) | .90c | TL | 15.88 (4.30) | 0.17 | 1.01* | 0.87* |
Resolving | 16.58 (3.09) | – | 0.97 | 0.32* | ||
Emerging | 11.14 (6.84) | – | 0.25 | |||
Persisting | 11.81 (5.82) | – | ||||
Single word reading t5 (60) | .98b | TL | 38.98 (9.96) | 0.20 | 1.31* | 1.05* |
Resolving | 37.00 (7.36) | – | 1.10 | 0.85 | ||
Emerging | 25.62 (12.16) | – | 0.20 | |||
Persisting | 28.05 (12.26) | – | ||||
Spelling t5 (53) | .96c | TL | 26.53 (6.00) | 0.10 | 1.14* | 0.98* |
Resolving | 25.92 (4.66) | – | 1.33 | 0.99 | ||
Emerging | 19.90 (4.69) | – | 0.11 | |||
Persisting | 20.57 (6.42) | – | ||||
Prose reading comprehension t5 (56) | .48–.77d | TL | 36.83 (10.8) | 0.23 | 1.58* | 1.51* |
Resolving | 34.42 (7.81) | – | 1.58* | 1.44* | ||
Emerging | 19.95 (10.27) | – | 0.09 | |||
Persisting | 20.81 (10.13) | – |
Rate score – number of items correct per second.
Internal consistency.
Test/retest reliability.
Internal consistency across all passages.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.