. 2016 Dec 1;11(12):e0167124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167124

Table 2. Characterization of the validation population (n = 967), including 658 overweight/obese study subjects.

	Males (n = 341)		Females (n = 626)		Total (n = 967)
Parameter		r vs. hand grip^a		r vs. hand grip^a		r vs. hand grip^a
Age (years)	56.1 ± 13.5	-0.427	50.6 ± 14.5^***	-0.416	52.6 ± 14.1	-0.137
Age (years)	56.1 ± 13.5	p<0.001	50.6 ± 14.5^***	p<0.001	52.6 ± 14.1	p<0.001
Weight (kg)	102.3 ± 33.2	0.195	92.6 ± 32.1^***	0.230	96.0 ± 32.8	0.270
Weight (kg)	102.3 ± 33.2	p<0.001	92.6 ± 32.1^***	p<0.001	96.0 ± 32.8	p<0.001
Height (cm)	180.5 ± 8.5	0.331	168.0 ± 6.7^***	0.434	172.4 ± 9.5	0.695
Height (cm)	180.5 ± 8.5	p<0.001	168.0 ± 6.7^***	p<0.001	172.4 ± 9.5	p<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	31.3 ± 9.0	0.115	32.8 ± 11.0	0.131	32.2 ± 10.4	0.056
BMI (kg/m²)	31.3 ± 9.0	p<0.05	32.8 ± 11.0	p<0.01	32.2 ± 10.4	p = 0.082
BMI <25 (normal)	23.2 ± 1.59	0.301	22.1 ± 2.07	0.170	22.4 ± 2.01	0.170
BMI <25 (normal)	(n = 88)	p<0.01	(n = 221)	p<0.01	(n = 309)	p<0.01
BMI 25–30 (overweight)	27.3 ± 1.13	−0.144	27.3 ± 1.19	−0.110	27.3 ± 1.16	−0.110
BMI 25–30 (overweight)	(n = 112)	p = 0.131	(n = 78)	p = 0.131	(n = 190)	p = 0.131
BMI >30 (obese)	39.4 ± 8.68	-0.044	41.4 ± 8.39	0.002	40.8 ± 8.52	0.002
BMI >30 (obese)	(n = 141)	p = 0.601	(n = 327)	p = 0.973	(n = 468)	p = 0.973
CoQ₁₀ (μg/mL)	0.852 ± 0.30	-0.071	0.801 ± 0.28^**	-0.120	0.819 ± 0.29	-0.002
CoQ₁₀ (μg/mL)	0.852 ± 0.30	p = 0.193	0.801 ± 0.28^**	p<0.01	0.819 ± 0.29	p = 0.946
CoQ₁₀ redox (%)	13.4 ± 2.31	-0.035	13.6 ± 2.08^*	-0.059	13.5 ± 2.17	-0.082
CoQ₁₀ redox (%)	13.4 ± 2.31	p = 0.525	13.6 ± 2.08^*	p = 0.143	13.5 ± 2.17	p<0.01
CoQ₁₀/cholesterol (μmol/mol)	193.1 ± 56.0	-0.088	168.8 ± 49.3^***	-0.029	177.3 ± 53.0	0.131
CoQ₁₀/cholesterol (μmol/mol)	193.1 ± 56.0	p = 0.104	168.8 ± 49.3^***	p = 0.476	177.3 ± 53.0	p<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.41 ± 0.887	0.046	4.76 ± 0.989	-0.207	4.63 ± 0.968	-0.185
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.41 ± 0.887	p = 0.393	4.76 ± 0.989	p<0.001	4.63 ± 0.968	p<0.001
Hand grip _{Dominant hand} (kg)	42.5 ± 9.4		25.0 ± 6.4^***		31.2 ± 11.3

Data are presented as the mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; CoQ₁₀: total Coenzyme Q₁₀; CoQ₁₀ redox: % oxidized CoQ₁₀ in total.

^ar = Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the hand grip and the evaluated parameter in the total study population. In the case of a normal distribution (cholesterol), Pearson’s correlation was applied.

*p<0.05

**p<0.01

***p<0.001 significant differences between the sexes, evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U-Test after testing for normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). In the case of a normal distribution (hand grip; cholesterol), Student’s t-test was applied.