TABLE 3.

PIPS factor reliability scores, model fit statistics, and items by factor for the 5F scoring solution

	Factor 1: Student–student interactions	Factor 2: Content delivery practices	Factor 3: Formative assessment	Factor 4: Student–content engagement	Factor 5: Summative assessment
Reliability (α)	0.825	0.644	0.641	0.606	0.447
Number of items	6	4	5	5	4
Eigenvalue	5.744	3.285	1.351	1.258	1.094
Percent variance explained	24.059	13.686	5.629	5.240	4.141
Items	P10, P12, P13, P14, P15, P19	P01, P03, P05, P11	P04, P06, P08, P18, P20	P02, P07, P09, P16, P17	P21, P22, P23, P24
Maximum possible sum	24	16	20	20	16
Sample item	I structure class so that students regularly talk with one another about course concepts.	I guide students through major topics as they listen and take notes.	I use student assessment results to guide the direction of my instruction during the semester.	I design activities that connect course content to my students’ lives and future work.	I adjust student scores (e.g., curve) when necessary to reflect a proper distribution of grades.