TABLE 5.

Operational definitions for the PIPS factors

Factor	Model	Operational definition
Instructor-centered practices	2F	Practices in which the instructor is the sole or primary actor, including how the instructor presents information, design of summative assessments, and grading policies
Student-centered practices	2F	Practices in which the students are the sole or key actor(s), including interactions among students in class, students’ active and constructive engagement with course content, and formative assessment practices
Student–student interactions	5F	Practices that describe interactions among students in class
Content delivery	5F	Practices that describe or influence how the instructor transmits information to the students
Student–content engagement	5F	Actions in which students manipulate or generate learning materials or products beyond what was provided by the instructor (similar to active and constructive elements noted by Chi and Wylie, 2014)
Formative assessment	5F	Actions to monitor student learning that provide feedback to the instructor to inform teaching and/or to students to inform their learning
Summative assessment	5F	Actions for formal evaluation of student learning, including grading policies