TABLE 4.

Students’ written think-alouds describing their processes for solving the stickleback problem

Different types of problem-solving processes are indicated with different font types: Domain-general problem-solving steps: blue lowercase font; domain-specific problem-solving steps: blue uppercase font, hybrid problem-solving steps: blue italics; domain-general errors: orange lowercase font; domain-specific errors: orange uppercase font. The written think-alouds are presented in the exact words of the students. A, Emily, all domain-general and domain-specific steps; correct answer: E; B, Brian, domain-general and hybrid steps, domain-general and domain-specific errors; incorrect answer: C; C, Jessica, domain-general, hybrid, and domain-specific steps; domain-specific errors; incorrect answer: C.