TABLE 9.

Frequency of selecting the correct answer and distractors targeting the misconception that atoms are transmuted (based on six distractors in five items)

	Comparison				THSB
Answer choicea	Pretest	Posttest	χ2 (p value)	Effect size	Pretest	Posttest	χ2 (p value)	Effect size
Atoms are rearranged.	47%	59%	24.95	0.17	37%	65%	288.72	0.28
			(<0.001)				(<0.001)
Atoms are changed into other atoms.	31%	23%	14.31	0.09	33%	14%	175.82	0.22
			(<0.001)				(<0.001)

^aThe correct answer choice is in italics.