Table 2.
Association between a 2-SD change in air pollutants and carotid intima-media thickness and blood pressure, by trimester (n = 392).
| Trimester | PM2.5a (μg/m3) | PM10 (μg/m3) | NO2 (ppb) | O3 (ppb) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| βb (95% CI) | p-Value | βb (95% CI) | p-Value | βb (95% CI) | p-Value | βb (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| 1st | ||||||||
| Right CIMT (mm) | –0.002 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.71 | 0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.90 | –0.01 (–0.01, 0.003) | 0.18 | –0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.79 |
| Left CIMT (mm) | –0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.81 | –0.004 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.43 | 0.002 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.66 | –0.003 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.57 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHG) | 0.79 (–0.63, 2.22) | 0.28 | –0.01 (–1.23, 1.21) | 0.99 | 0.55 (–0.68, 1.79) | 0.38 | –0.66 (–1.91, 0.58) | 0.30 |
| Systolic BP (mmHG) | 0.92 (–0.99, 2.82) | 0.35 | –0.61 (–2.27, 1.06) | 0.47 | 0.77 (–0.92, 2.46) | 0.37 | –0.61 (–2.31, 1.09) | 0.48 |
| 2nd | ||||||||
| Right CIMT (mm) | –0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.83 | 0.003 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.54 | –0.003 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.55 | 0.004 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.36 |
| Left CIMT (mm) | –0.003 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.64 | –0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.84 | 0.01 (–0.01, 0.02) | 0.34 | 0.004 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.39 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHG) | –0.82 (–2.25, 0.61) | 0.26 | –0.09 (–1.3, 1.13) | 0.89 | 0.40 (–0.95, 1.74) | 0.56 | –0.17 (–1.39, 1.04) | 0.78 |
| Systolic BP (mmHG) | –0.13 (–2.04, 1.78) | 0.89 | –0.47 (–2.12, 1.19) | 0.58 | 1.47 (–0.36, 3.29) | 0.12 | 0.22 (–1.43, 1.87) | 0.80 |
| 3rd | ||||||||
| Right CIMT (mm) | –0.01 (–0.02, 0.004) | 0.22 | –0.002 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.71 | –0.001 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.88 | –0.01 (–0.01, 0.004) | 0.30 |
| Left CIMT (mm) | –0.01 (–0.02, 0.01) | 0.40 | –0.004 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.43 | 0.01 (–0.01, 0.02) | 0.34 | –0.004 (–0.01, 0.01) | 0.43 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHG) | 0.02 (–1.42, 1.46) | 0.98 | 0.32 (–0.89, 1.53) | 0.61 | 0.94 (–0.40, 2.28) | 0.17 | 0.26 (–0.99, 1.52) | 0.68 |
| Systolic BP (mmHG) | 0.97 (–0.95, 2.90) | 0.32 | 0.83 (–0.82, 2.48) | 0.32 | 2.33 (0.51, 4.15) | 0.01 | 0.18 (–1.53, 1.89) | 0.84 |
| an = 302. bModels are adjusted for sex, age at CIMT, in utero smoke, maternal education, and admixture. The 2 SD for the 1st-trimester pollutants PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 are 14 μg/m3, 32 μg/m3, 21 ppb, and 44 ppb, respectively. The 2 SD for the 2nd-trimester pollutants PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 are 15 μg/m3, 33 μg/m3, 21 ppb, and 43 ppb, respectively. The 2 SD for the 3rd-trimester pollutants PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 are 12 μg/m3, 30 μg/m3, 21 ppb, and 39 ppb, respectively. | ||||||||