Table 1.
Systemic effects of CAP exposure for 30 days (Study I).
| Parameter, unit, n | Air | CAP | p | Air + HFD | CAP + HFD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight, g, 8 | 27.88 ± 0.58 | 27.76 ± 0.53 | 0.882 | 31.69 ± 0.87 | 32.25 ± 0.92 | 0.665 |
| Glucose, mg/dL, 8 | 151 ± 9 | 162 ± 9 | 0.374 | 175 ± 11 | 171 ± 10 | 0.781 |
| Insulin, ng/mL, 4–5 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.660 | 0.55 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.019 |
| HOMA-IR, 4–5 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 0.609 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 0.014 |
| HOMA-β (%), 4–5 | 42.5 ± 3.7 | 44.9 ± 7.4 | 0.780 | 56.5 ± 4.6 | 66.2 ± 12.4 | 0.490 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL, 5 | 13.38 ± 3.01 | 11.32 ± 1.55 | 0.559 | 11.34 ± 1.56 | 10.06 ± 2.87 | 0.704 |
| Leptin, ng/mL, 5 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.385 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.78 ± 0.22 | 0.975 |
| Resistin, ng/mL, 5 | 3.01 ± 0.56 | 3.12 ± 0.58 | 0.899 | 3.24 ± 0.28 | 3.28 ± 0.40 | 0.928 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL, 5 | 4.24 ± 0.80 | 2.60 ± 0.35 | 0.108 | 4.09 ± 0.78 | 4.10 ± 1.00 | 0.991 |
| IL-6, pg/mL, 5 | 17.29 ± 4.03 | 16.89 ± 2.10 | 0.933 | 13.98 ± 0.81 | 9.98 ± 2.88 | 0.230 |
| TG, mg/dL, 6–8 | 19.44 ± 0.73 | 19.11 ± 3.36 | 0.911 | 17.50 ± 2.29 | 21.52 ± 3.19 | 0.323 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL, 6–8 | 79.56 ± 2.42 | 113.09 ± 5.53 | 0.001 | 129.96 ± 3.76 | 154.69 ± 8.74 | 0.021 |
| HDL, mg/dL, 6–8 | 57.40 ± 2.07 | 65.70 ± 5.93 | 0.187 | 95.14 ± 5.27 | 108.02 ± 5.60 | 0.116 |
| LDL, mg/dL, 6–8 | 10.38 ± 0.58 | 14.14 ± 1.53 | 0.024 | 19.79 ± 2.36 | 17.36 ± 1.03 | 0.360 |
| HDL:LDL, 6–8 | 5.36 ± 0.11 | 4.73 ± 0.24 | 0.030 | 5.05 ± 0.35 | 6.34 ± 0.44 | 0.038 |
| TP, g/dL, 5–8 | 5.22 ± 0.13 | 5.32 ± 0.17 | 0.653 | 5.47 ± 0.19 | 5.64 ± 0.21 | 0.544 |
| Albumin, g/dL, 5–8 | 3.62 ± 0.15 | 3.56 ± 0.14 | 0.765 | 3.36 ± 0.07 | 3.70 ± 0.16 | 0.068 |
| Albumin: TP, 5–8 | 0.69 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.276 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | 0.115 |
| ALT, U/L, 5–8 | 30.60 ± 5.70 | 30.91 ± 2.98 | 0.962 | 30.03 ± 3.35 | 27.84 ± 3.21 | 0.644 |
| AST, U/L, 4–8 | 48.39 ± 6.71 | 62.33 ± 13.10 | 0.380 | 72.29 ± 11.52 | 72.48 ± 4.96 | 0.988 |
| CK, U/L, 4–8 | 141.22 ± 73.49 | 171.53 ± 83.83 | 0.797 | 245.98 ± 43.10 | 241.99 ± 25.24 | 0.937 |
| Notes: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, concentrated fine particulate matter; CK, creatinine kinase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β (= 20 × fasting plasma insulin levels [mU/L]/fasting blood glucose [mmol/L] – 3.5), %; HOMA-IR (= fasting blood glucose [mmol/L] × fasting plasma insulin levels [mU/L]/22.5); IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TP, total protein. Blood and plasma parameters were measured in control or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice exposed for 30 days to air or CAP. Data represent the mean ± SE; p, air versus CAP. | ||||||