Table 2.
Systemic effects of CAP exposure for 9 days (Study III).
| Parameter, unit, n | Air | CAP | p | Air + HFD | CAP + HFD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight, g, 14 | 27.43 ± 0.46 | 28.52 ± 0.61 | 0.163 | 29.36 ± 0.48 | 30.67 ± 0.40 | 0.046 |
| Glucose, mg/dL, 14 | 160 ± 9 | 156 ± 7 | 0.700 | 167 ± 9 | 160 ± 6 | 0.489 |
| Insulin, ng/mL, 4 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.898 | 0.85 ± 0.12 | 0.77 ± 0.13 | 0.653 |
| HOMA-IR, 4 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 0.689 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 0.949 |
| HOMA-β (%), 4 | 42.6 ± 4.8 | 48.4 ± 8.5 | 0.578 | 62.6 ± 6.0 | 73.1 ± 11.0 | 0.434 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL, 4 | 9.79 ± 1.90 | 7.02 ± 0.14 | 0.197 | 11.16 ± 2.62 | 13.17 ± 2.62 | 0.600 |
| Leptin, ng/mL, 4 | 0.44 ± 0.05 | 0.50 ± 0.09 | 0.586 | 0.98 ± 0.33 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | 0.727 |
| Resistin, ng/mL, 4 | 1.90 ± 0.87 | 1.92 ± 0.41 | 0.983 | 2.96 ± 1.20 | 2.33 ± 0.51 | 0.690 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL, 4 | 4.53 ± 0.44 | 4.80 ± 1.33 | 0.851 | 4.11 ± 0.64 | 2.94 ± 0.47 | 0.212 |
| IL-6, pg/mL, 4 | 8.41 ± 2.45 | 4.28 ± 1.25 | 0.184 | 8.45 ± 1.25 | 8.45 ± 1.13 | 0.999 |
| TG, mg/dL, 9–10 | 33.56 ± 5.13 | 37.69 ± 4.96 | 0.571 | 16.80 ± 1.79 | 18.29 ± 2.51 | 0.634 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL, 9–10 | 66.07 ± 3.79 | 75.94 ± 6.55 | 0.222 | 110.41 ± 3.62 | 121.60 ± 6.19 | 0.136 |
| HDL, mg/dL, 9–10 | 45.44 ± 1.96 | 50.81 ± 3.08 | 0.170 | 82.56 ± 2.51 | 93.70 ± 6.53 | 0.128 |
| LDL, mg/dL, 9–10 | 10.38 ± 0.44 | 12.54 ± 1.11 | 0.100 | 18.62 ± 1.35 | 16.69 ± 0.61 | 0.210 |
| HDL:LDL, 9–10 | 4.42 ± 0.21 | 4.16 ± 0.18 | 0.358 | 4.62 ± 0.31 | 5.78 ± 0.32 | 0.019 |
| TP, g/dL, 9–10 | 4.32 ± 0.12 | 4.58 ± 0.15 | 0.198 | 4.33 ± 0.11 | 4.39 ± 0.08 | 0.670 |
| Albumin, g/dL, 9–10 | 3.13 ± 0.07 | 3.25 ± 0.09 | 0.297 | 2.88 ± 0.06 | 2.93 ± 0.05 | 0.511 |
| Albumin: TP, 9–10 | 0.73 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.01 | 0.242 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.818 |
| ALT, U/L, 9–10 | 19.98 ± 1.00 | 26.36 ± 3.16 | 0.084 | 20.14 ± 1.94 | 17.59 ± 1.01 | 0.260 |
| AST, U/L, 9–10 | 42.02 ± 4.11 | 51.08 ± 4.13 | 0.140 | 54.78 ± 2.96 | 53.99 ± 3.25 | 0.856 |
| CK, U/L, 8–10 | 135.58 ± 16.99 | 132.64 ± 18.01 | 0.909 | 184.11 ± 29.64 | 183.60 ± 28.47 | 0.991 |
| Notes: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, concentrated fine particulate matter; CK, creatinine kinase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β (= 20 × fasting plasma insulin levels [mU/L]/fasting blood glucose [mmol/L] – 3.5), %; HOMA-IR (= fasting blood glucose [mmol/L] × fasting plasma insulin levels [mU/L]/22.5); IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TP, total protein. Blood and plasma parameters were measured in control or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice exposed for 30 days to air or CAP. Data represent the mean ± SE; p, air versus CAP. | ||||||