Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Participants with CVD Outcome (n = 57) | Participants without CVD Outcome (n = 2202) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.6 ± 9.7 | 37.3 ± 13.0 | 0.001 |
| Male (%) | 59.6 | 42.5 | 0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 26.3 | 22.7 | 0.31 |
| Body mass index (m2/kg) | 28.4 ± 4.4 | 26.5 ± 4.8 | 0.005 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 10.5 | 1.5 | 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs (%) | 14.3 | 1.5 | 0.001 |
| Aspirin (%) | 8.9 | 2.3 | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.2 ± 10.1 | 88.0 ± 13.2 | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.18 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 17.4 | 109 ± 14.9 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.2 ± 10.6 | 72.5 ± 10.3 | 0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 106 ± 39.9 | 88.5 ± 16.7 | 0.001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 190 ± 107 | 132 ± 78.0 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.2 ± 8.0 | 43.3 ± 10.4 | 0.03 |
| TG/HDL-ratio | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 0.001 |
| Serum insulin | 7.4 ± 3.4 | 8.8 ± 4.9 | 0.13 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 0.28 |
| Hyperinsulinemia (%) | 12.5 | 17.6 | 0.57 |
| Diabetes (%) | 14.3 | 3.9 | 0.002 |
| Hypertension (%) | 43.9 | 8.3 | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease risk score | 22.1 | 21.2 | 0.001 |
| Dietary intakes | |||
| Total fats (g/day) | 74.1 ± 2.5 | 79.5 ± 0.4 | 0.03 |
| Saturated fats (g/day) | 24.8 ± 1.8 | 27.1 ± 0.3 | 0.22 |
| Mono-unsaturated fat (g/day) | 21.9 ± 1.0 | 27.6 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 4883 ± 410 | 4421 ± 66 | 0.26 |
| Total carbohydrate (g/day) | 337 ± 5.8 | 323 ± 0.9 | 0.02 |
| Total fiber (g/day) | 25.3 ± 1.1 | 29.0 ± 0.2 | 0.003 |
Data are mean ± SD unless stated otherwise (independent t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous variables was used.