Table 3.
Food intakes by food groups and subgroups by tertile of drinking water (g/day) and by sex (means are adjusted for energy) 1.
| Men | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile of Drinking Water Intake | |||||||||||
| All | ≤474 mL/Day | 474–879 mL/Day | >879 mL/Day | ||||||||
| Food Groups and Subgroups (g/Day) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p † | p ‡ | p for Trend § | ||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 368.1 ± 19.1 | 336.6 ± 16.3 | 370.4 ± 21.3 | 397.4 ± 19.7 | 0.069 | 0.076 | |||||
| Vegetables, soup and crudités | 210.0 ± 11.6 | 201.2 ± 12.1 | 215.1 ± 11.8 | 213.6 ± 10.8 | 0.602 | 0.449 | |||||
| Fresh and processed fruits | 155.9 ± 11.1 | 132.4 ± 7.6 | 153.3 ± 12.3 | 181.9 ± 13.4 | 0.008 * | 0.048 * | 0.015 | ||||
| Nuts | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.139 | 0.209 | |||||
| Starches | 306.3 ± 7.5 | 303.1 ± 8.1 | 304.6 ± 6.2 | 311.3 ± 8.0 | 0.742 | 0.355 | |||||
| Refined starches | 212.0 ± 6.3 | 206.0 ± 7.5 | 210.7 ± 5.9 | 219.4 ± 5.4 | 0.316 | 0.093 | |||||
| Unrefined starches | 89.8 ± 4.0 | 91.3 ±3.7 | 89.6±3.4 | 88.5 ± 4.9 | 0.907 | 0.869 | |||||
| Cereals for breakfast | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | 0.504 | 0.200 | |||||
| Meats/fishes/eggs | 190.9±4.7 | 181.1 ± 4.6 | 194.5 ± 4.4 | 197.3 ± 5.1 | 0.026 * | 0.034 * | 0.027 | ||||
| Eggs | 16.2 ± 1.2 | 15.2 ± 1.1 | 17.1 ± 1.3 | 16.2 ± 1.3 | 0.530 | 0.503 | |||||
| Fishes | 30.2 ± 2.1 | 27.6 ± 2.1 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 31.2 ± 2.1 | 0.271 | 0.514 | |||||
| Meat | 144.6 ± 4.6 | 138.3 ± 4.6 | 145.5 ± 4.1 | 149.9 ± 5.2 | 0.270 | 0.253 | |||||
| Mixed dishes and sandwiches | 153.6 ± 7.6 | 175.1 ± 7.3 | 148.3 ± 8.6 | 137.4 ± 6.9 | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 | ||||
| Ready-made dishes and stocks | 90.9 ± 5.6 | 101.4 ± 5.1 | 90.6 ± 5.5 | 80.7 ± 6.2 | 0.018 * | 0.063 | |||||
| Sandwiches and savoury puff pastries | 62.7 ± 5.3 | 73.7 ± 6.1 | 57.6 ± 5.0 | 56.7 ± 4.8 | 0.018 * | 0.002 * | 0.001 | ||||
| Dairy products | 214.1 ± 14.3 | 219.3 ± 20.9 | 211.1 ± 11.9 | 211.7 ± 10.0 | 0.924 | 0.603 | |||||
| Milk | 101.9 ± 13.1 | 114.7 ± 20.2 | 98.0 ± 10.5 | 93.1 ± 8.5 | 0.563 | 0.247 | |||||
| Fresh dairy products | 70.9 ± 5.8 | 61.4 ± 5.1 | 71.2 ± 5.1 | 80.1 ± 7.4 | 0.075 | 0.167 | |||||
| Cheese | 41.2 ± 2.8 | 43.2 ± 2.8 | 42.0 ± 2.7 | 38.5 ± 2.8 | 0.332 | 0.502 | |||||
| Sweet products | 123.6 ± 4.7 | 126.4 ± 4.6 | 125.9 ± 4.9 | 118.5 ± 4.6 | 0.367 | 0.601 | |||||
| Dairy dessert | 18.6 ± 2.2 | 20.6 ± 2.2 | 17.5 ± 2.2 | 17.8 ± 2.2 | 0.550 | 0.532 | |||||
| Cakes, tarts, sweet pastries | 67.5 ± 3.8 | 67.8 ± 4.2 | 70.0 ± 4.1 | 64.6 ± 3.1 | 0.585 | 0.564 | |||||
| Biscuits and sweets | 37.5 ± 2.4 | 38.0 ± 2.1 | 38.4 ± 3.1 | 36.0 ± 2.0 | 0.791 | 0.774 | |||||
| Drinking water | 761.5 ± 18.5 | 232.4 ± 11.1 | 664.8 ± 8.5 | 1387.3 ± 35.8 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 | ||||
| Tap water | 348.2 ± 24.2 | 120.9 ± 11.3 | 311.2 ± 22.2 | 612.6 ± 38.9 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 | ||||
| Still water in a bottle | 354.1 ± 28.1 | 90.7 ± 10.9 | 322.3 ± 24.1 | 649.2±49.3 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 | ||||
| Carbonated water in a bottle | 59.2 ± 14.0 | 20.8 ± 4.7 | 31.3 ± 5.5 | 125.5±31.8 | 0.005 * | 0.025 * | 0.007 | ||||
| Beverages | 500.3 ± 21.1 | 582.4 ± 21.9 | 471.5 ± 21.3 | 447.0 ± 20.2 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 | ||||
| Hot drinks (Tea. Coffee) | 343.6 ± 18.5 | 389.8 ± 20.4 | 332.4 ± 17.4 | 308.7 ± 17.7 | 0.011 * | 0.010 * | 0.003 | ||||
| Diet sweet beverages | 14.4 ± 4.8 | 20.3 ± 5.8 | 14.8 ± 5.7 | 8.1 ± 3.0 | 0.086 | 0.351 | |||||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 82.2 ± 12.4 | 106.8 ± 14.7 | 74.0 ± 10.9 | 65.9 ± 11.5 | 0.035 * | 0.055 | |||||
| Fruit juices | 60.1 ± 6.7 | 65.6 ± 8.4 | 50.3 ± 4.9 | 64.4 ± 6.9 | 0.092 | 0.064 | |||||
| Fat products | 47.0 ± 1.9 | 42.5 ± 1.5 | 47.8 ± 2.1 | 50.6 ± 2.0 | 0.003 * | 0.003 * | 0.001 | ||||
| Animal fat | 14.7 ± 0.9 | 14.7 ± 0.8 | 14.6 ± 1.2 | 14.7 ± 0.8 | 0.993 | 0.844 | |||||
| Vegetable fat | 23.2 ± 1.4 | 19.7 ± 1.3 | 23.6 ± 1.6 | 26.3 ± 1.2 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | <0.001 | ||||
| Spices and sauces | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 0.183 | 0.286 | |||||
| Women | |||||||||||
| Tertile of Drinking Water Intake | |||||||||||
| All | ≤500 mL/Day | 500–934 mL/Day | >934 mL/Day | ||||||||
| Food Groups and Subgroups (g/Day) | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p † | p ‡ | p for Trend § |
| Fruits and vegetables | 374.7 | 13.4 | 345.8 | 16.9 | 378.7 | 12.5 | 399.5 | 10.7 | 0.047 | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Vegetables, soup and crudités | 213.7 | 8.6 | 203.0 | 10.3 | 216.4 | 7.9 | 221.6 | 7.7 | 0.333 | 0.105 | |
| Fresh and processed fruits | 159.3 | 8.3 | 141.2 | 8.5 | 160.5 | 7.5 | 176.0 | 8.8 | 0.025 | 0.037 | 0.011 |
| Nuts | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.777 | 0.712 | |
| Starches | 202.4 | 4.8 | 207.7 | 5.4 | 192.8 | 4.1 | 206.7 | 5.1 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.551 |
| Refined starches | 126.8 | 3.5 | 130.4 | 3.2 | 120.7 | 3.4 | 129.1 | 3.9 | 0.084 | 0.084 | |
| Unrefined starches | 70.3 | 3.5 | 73.5 | 3.7 | 66.6 | 2.8 | 70.9 | 3.9 | 0.342 | 0.223 | |
| Cereals for breakfast | 5.4 | 1.0 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 6.7 | 1.1 | 0.056 | 0.299 | |
| Meats/fishes/eggs | 138.1 | 3.0 | 134.7 | 2.7 | 137.8 | 3.3 | 141.8 | 3.0 | 0.165 | 0.579 | |
| Eggs | 14.4 | 1.3 | 15.0 | 1.6 | 12.9 | 1.0 | 15.4 | 1.4 | 0.285 | 0.194 | |
| Fishes | 29.8 | 1.6 | 27.9 | 1.4 | 31.3 | 1.9 | 30.3 | 1.5 | 0.229 | 0.345 | |
| Meat | 93.9 | 2.7 | 91.9 | 2.5 | 93.7 | 2.9 | 96.2 | 2.6 | 0.495 | 0.793 | |
| Mixed dishes and sandwiches | 106.5 | 4.5 | 107.7 | 5.8 | 113.1 | 4.0 | 98.8 | 3.8 | 0.035 | 0.003 | 0.214 |
| Ready-made dishes and stocks | 64.8 | 3.3 | 61.7 | 2.9 | 70.8 | 3.7 | 61.8 | 3.2 | 0.122 | 0.043 | |
| Sandwiches and savoury puff pastries | 41.7 | 2.9 | 46.0 | 4.2 | 42.3 | 2.4 | 36.9 | 2.1 | 0.159 | 0.008 | 0.023 |
| Dairy products | 199.4 | 9.6 | 185.5 | 8.8 | 213.1 | 11.2 | 199.5 | 8.7 | 0.182 | 0.353 | |
| Milk | 86.3 | 7.6 | 82.0 | 6.3 | 97.3 | 8.3 | 79.5 | 8.2 | 0.217 | 0.240 | |
| Fresh dairy products | 86.6 | 4.6 | 78.5 | 4.1 | 89.2 | 5.0 | 92.0 | 4.6 | 0.080 | 0.603 | |
| Cheese | 26.5 | 1.4 | 25.0 | 1.3 | 26.7 | 1.3 | 27.9 | 1.6 | 0.309 | 0.114 | |
| Sweet products | 111.9 | 4.2 | 114.9 | 3.5 | 116.1 | 5.7 | 104.7 | 3.5 | 0.047 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Dairy dessert | 18.1 | 2.3 | 16.9 | 1.4 | 19.7 | 3.2 | 17.8 | 2.4 | 0.734 | 0.711 | |
| Cakes, tarts, sweet pastries | 61.1 | 3.4 | 62.8 | 3.6 | 65.2 | 3.9 | 55.2 | 2.6 | 0.057 | 0.013 | |
| Biscuits and sweets | 32.7 | 1.8 | 35.2 | 2.0 | 31.2 | 1.6 | 31.7 | 1.9 | 0.238 | 0.419 | |
| Drinking water | 802.5 | 14.9 | 284.0 | 8.3 | 693.2 | 8.1 | 1430.3 | 28.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Tap water | 352.8 | 23.6 | 148.8 | 8.3 | 266.7 | 18.0 | 642.9 | 44.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Still water in a bottle | 419.2 | 21.6 | 121.2 | 8.5 | 394.1 | 20.1 | 742.4 | 36.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Carbonated water in a bottle | 30.5 | 5.2 | 14.0 | 3.6 | 32.3 | 5.2 | 45.1 | 6.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Beverages | 523.3 | 29.5 | 592.0 | 27.5 | 526.0 | 35.7 | 451.9 | 25.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hot drinks (Tea. Coffee) | 404.1 | 27.8 | 447.0 | 23.8 | 408.4 | 34.6 | 356.8 | 25.1 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| Diet sweet beverages | 12.2 | 3.5 | 16.2 | 4.9 | 13.7 | 3.9 | 6.8 | 1.6 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.100 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 48.4 | 10.4 | 82.9 | 17.6 | 37.5 | 9.5 | 24.8 | 4.2 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Fruit juices | 58.6 | 6.4 | 45.9 | 8.7 | 66.3 | 5.2 | 63.5 | 5.2 | 0.069 | 0.049 | 0.150 |
| Fat products | 45.1 | 1.2 | 43.0 | 0.9 | 45.1 | 1.1 | 47.1 | 1.4 | 0.033 | 0.029 | 0.008 |
| Animal fat | 13.3 | 0.8 | 13.5 | 0.7 | 12.9 | 0.7 | 13.6 | 0.8 | 0.786 | 0.489 | |
| Vegetable fat | 23.4 | 0.9 | 22.2 | 0.8 | 23.6 | 0.8 | 24.5 | 1.1 | 0.117 | 0.189 | |
| Spices and sauces | 8.3 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 0.6 | 8.6 | 0.5 | 9.0 | 0.9 | 0.198 | 0.300 | |
1 Values are survey-weighted means with standard deviations; † adjustment for energy intake; ‡ adjustment for energy intake, level of education, socio-occupational group, season, level of physical activity, smoker status, region, and quintile of income per consumption unit (ICU); § calculated only for significant differences.