Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
| UK | Russia | Italy | p-Value (Three Countries) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal allergic sensitisation * | 35/94 (37) | 22/156 (14) | 9/40 (23) | <0.01 a |
| Maternal Age (years) | 32.8 (4.78) | 29.8 (4.45) | 37.4 (5.38) | <0.01 b |
| Vaginal Delivery | 70/101 (69) | 188/219 (86) | 62/76 (82) | <0.01 a |
| Male sex | 54/101 (53) | 118/216 (55) | 41/76 (54) | 0.98 a |
| Birth Weight (grams) | 3527 (535.37) | 3526 (438.97) | 3328 (476.95) | 0.05 b |
| Primiparous women | 55/100 (55) | 93/216 (43) | 29/75 (39) | 0.06 a |
| Household tobacco smoke exposure | 30/99 (30) | 135/218 (62) | 25/76 (33) | <0.01 a |
| Antenatal Infections † | 16/100 (16) | 61/211 (29) | 29/76 (38) | <0.01 a |
| Time of colostrum collection (hours) | 58.61 (33.2) | 50.03 (14.34) | 57.84 (26.52) | <0.01 b |
a Pearson χ2 test has been used; b ANOVA test has been used. Data shown are (n/(%)) for binary variables, and (mean (S.D.)) for continuous variables; * Defined as skin prick test wheal ≥3 mm to at least one of a panel of common allergens; † Antenatal infection is defined as at least one self-reported maternal infection during pregnancy.