Table 2.
Risk for elevated C-reactive protein concentration (≥1 mg/L) at follow-up among 6755 participants with a total of 10,383 follow up visits.
| # Visits | Univariable model § | p | Multivariable model § | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Serum 25(OHD) at baseline, nmol/L | |||||
| <50 | 1684 | ref | ref | ||
| 50–<75 | 2878 | 0.56 (0.41, 0.76) | <0.01 | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) | 0.01 |
| 75–<100 | 2655 | 0.28 (0.20, 0.38) | <0.01 | 0.61 (0.47, 0.80) | <0.01 |
| 100–<125 | 1665 | 0.24 (0.17, 0.34) | <0.01 | 0.61 (0.45, 0.82) | <0.01 |
| ≥125 | 1501 | 0.18 (0.12, 0.26) | <0.01 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.80) | <0.01 |
| Change in serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | |||||
| No improvement | 2032 | ref | ref | ||
| Increase of <25 | 2370 | 1.38 (1.09, 1.76) | 0.01 | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.46 |
| Increase of 25–<50 | 2415 | 1.23 (0.97, 1.57) | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.77, 1.05) | 0.13 |
| Increase of 50–<75 | 1670 | 1.37 (1.05, 1.78) | 0.02 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) | 0.31 |
| Increase of ≥75 | 1896 | 1.28 (0.99, 1.67) | 0.06 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.32 |
| Serum CRP ≥1 mg/L at baseline | |||||
| No | 4965 | ref | ref | ||
| Yes | 5418 | 48.29 (37.23, 62.63) | <0.01 | 27.80 (21.95, 35.15) | <0.01 |
| Serum LDL-cholesterol at baseline * | |||||
| Normal | 3441 | ref | ref | ||
| Elevated | 6511 | 2.31 (1.87, 2.85) | <0.01 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) | <0.01 |
| Missing | 431 | 2.97 (1.79, 4.91) | <0.01 | 1.38 (0.92, 2.06) | 0.12 |
| Age at baseline (per 10 years) | 10,383 | 1.34 (1.25, 1.43) | <0.01 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.19) | <0.01 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 5188 | ref | ref | ||
| Male | 5195 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) | 0.58 | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | <0.01 |
| Body weight status at baseline | |||||
| Underweight/normal weight | 3526 | ref | ref | ||
| Overweight | 4028 | 4.88 (3.88, 6.14) | <0.01 | 2.17 (1.79, 2.63) | <0.01 |
| Obesity | 2829 | 39.03 (28.35, 53.71) | <0.01 | 5.30 (4.17, 6.74) | <0.01 |
| Blood pressure status at baseline † | |||||
| Normal | 5993 | ref | ref | ||
| Elevated | 3752 | 3.83 (3.09, 4.76) | <0.01 | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 0.12 |
| Missing | 638 | 1.59 (1.03, 2.46) | 0.03 | 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) | 0.60 |
| Smoking status at baseline | |||||
| Never smoker | 3870 | ref | ref | ||
| Past smoker | 1996 | 1.59 (1.22, 2.05) | <0.01 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 0.70 |
| Current smoker | 743 | 1.87 (1.29, 2.70) | <0.01 | 1.70 (1.25, 1.31) | <0.01 |
| Missing | 3774 | 1.65 (1.31, 2.08) | <0.01 | 0.91 (0.62, 1.32) | 0.62 |
| Alcohol consumption status at baseline | |||||
| Non-drinker | 2273 | ref | ref | ||
| Drinker | 3966 | 0.66 (0.52, 0.84) | <0.01 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.91 |
| Missing | 4144 | 1.28 (1.00, 1.65) | 0.05 | 1.22 (0.96, 1.54) | 0.10 |
| Physical activity level at baseline | |||||
| Low | 2637 | ref | ref | ||
| Moderate | 1975 | 0.46 (0.35, 0.61) | <0.01 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.10 |
| High | 1927 | 0.26 (0.20, 0.35) | <0.01 | 0.75 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.02 |
| Missing | 3844 | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) | 0.05 | 1.31 (0.87, 1.98) | 0.19 |
| Change in physical activity level | |||||
| Negative change | 1984 | ref | ref | ||
| No change | 394 | 0.71 (0.46, 1.09) | 0.12 | 0.60 (0.40, 0.89) | 0.01 |
| Positive change | 2464 | 0.75 (0.59, 0.96) | 0.02 | 0.67 (0.54, 0.83) | <0.01 |
| Missing | 5541 | 0.98 (0.79, 1.23) | 0.87 | 0.81 (0.64, 1.03) | 0.08 |
Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; § Adjusted for all covariates in the table; * Elevated LDL-cholesterol was defined as LDL-cholesterol concentration ≥2.6 mmol/L; † Blood pressure status was defined based on blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, or a self-report of taking antihypertensive medications as “elevated”.