Table 2.

Studies investigating the ability of Citrus flavonoids to inhibit the initiation phase of carcinogenesis.

Initiation Phase
Flavonoid	Concentration/Dose	Experimental Model	Reference
Quercetin	0.1–5.0 μM	HgCl2/MeHg-treated HepG2 cells	[26]
Naringenin	10–80 μM	Ferrous sulfate-exposed LNCaP cells	[27]
Naringenin	200 mg/kg	NDEA-treated rats	[28]
Naringenin	200 mg/kg	NDEA-treated rats	[29]
Naringin	50–500 mg/kg	Ifos-treated mice	[30]
Naringin	50–500 mg/kg	Dau-treated mice	[31]
Naringin	10–200 mg/kg	DMH-injected rats	[32]
Hesperidin	50–400 mg/kg	Cyclophosphamide-treated mice	[33]
Naringin, apigenin, hesperetin	300 μg/plate	Aflatoxin B1-exposed Salmonella typhimurium TA100	[34]
Diosmin, naringenin, naringin, rutin	0.25–1.0 μM	Heterocyclic amines-exposed Salmonella typhimurium TA98	[37]
Apigenin	10–100 μM	308 and HCT116 cells	[38]
Apigenin	2.5 and 5 mg/kg	BP-treated mice	[39]
Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin	5–25 μM	COS-1 cells	[40]
Apigenin	1–50 μM	DMBA/TPA-exposed mice	[41]
Apigenin	5 and 10 μmoles in 200 μL	UV-A/B-exposed SKH-1 mice	[42]
Apigenin, naringenin	0.1% and 0.02%	AOM-treated rats	[43]
Hesperidin	30 mg/kg	DMBA-treated rats	[44]
Hesperetin	20 mg/kg	DMH-treated rats	[45]
Tangeretin	50 mg/kg	DMBA-treated rats	[46]
Nobiletin	160 and 320 nM	DMBA/TPA-exposed mice	[47]

AOM: azoxymethane; BP: benzo(α)pyrene; Dau: daunorubicin; DMBA: 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene; DMH: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; Ifos: ifosfamide; NDEA: N-diethylnitrosamine; TPA: tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate.