Table A1.
Dietary iodine intake and food sources of iodine by age group # in the Australian population; 2011–2012 NNPAS.
| Food Group | Percentage Contribution to Iodine Intake | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2–3 Years | 4–8 Years | 9–13 Years | 14–19 Years | 19–30 Years | 31–50 Years | 51–70 Years | 71+ Years | p-Value * | |||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Non-alcoholic beverages | 15.72 a | 12.79 | 15.34 b | 12.74 | 15.28 c | 11.48 | 14.55 d | 10.92 | 15.51 e | 11.42 | 15.06 f | 11.64 | 14.49 g | 10.90 | 14.47 h | 10.96 | <0.001 * |
| Tea | 12.36 a | 20.97 | 10.21 b | 17.41 | 11.71 c | 19.30 | 14.68 d | 23.48 | 10.51 b | 19.32 | 13.11 f | 21.17 | 12.16 g | 20.72 | 11.11 h | 18.48 | <0.001 * |
| Coffee/coffee substitutes | 19.62 a | 27.96 | 22.93 b | 30.00 | 23.73 c | 31.18 | 19.52 a | 27.06 | 23.00 e | 29.41 | 21.06 f, | 28.90 | 20.01 g | 29.00 | 20.13 h | 28.32 | <0.001 * |
| Fruit/vegetable juices, and drinks | 10.98 a | 18.78 | 11.83 b | 21.18 | 9.14 c | 18.26 | 12.90 d | 21.67 | 11.26 e | 20.98 | 11.34 b,e | 20.75 | 12.58 g | 22.35 | 11.89 d | 20.40 | <0.001 * |
| Cordials | 1.28 a | 5.71 | 0.93 b | 5.41 | 1.72 c | 7.10 | 1.09 d | 5.49 | 1.82 e | 8.04 | 1.31 f | 6.06 | 1.52 g | 6.32 | 1.87 h | 8.26 | <0.001 * |
| Soft drinks/flavoured mineral waters | 10.34 a | 18.53 | 10.44 b | 18.99 | 13.93 c | 21.11 | 10.65 d | 17.63 | 11.54 e | 19.37 | 11.65 f | 19.66 | 11.61 d | 20.23 | 11.15 h | 19.45 | <0.001 * |
| Electrolyte/energy/fortified drinks | 0.68 a | 5.87 | 0.86 b | 5.59 | 1.26 c | 5.73 | 0.19 d | 1.94 | 0.72 e | 4.53 | 0.60 f | 4.12 | 0.80 g | 5.21 | 0.79 e | 4.97 | <0.001 * |
| Waters | 40.87 a | 31.28 | 40.33 a | 29.79 | 35.27 c | 27.67 | 39.13 d | 27.84 | 37.94 e | 28.68 | 38.52 f | 28.82 | 37.89 g | 29.46 | 39.11 d | 28.00 | <0.001 * |
| Other beverages | 3.87 a | 12.60 | 2.46 b | 9.62 | 3.13 c | 12.84 | 1.82 d | 8.72 | 3.16 e | 11.89 | 2.35 f | 10.19 | 3.43 c | 13.06 | 3.80 h | 13.46 | <0.001 * |
| Cereals/cereal products | 29.09 a | 17.45 | 29.53 b | 17.85 | 28.90 c | 17.24 | 29.71 d | 17.78 | 28.34 e | 17.32 | 29.16 f | 17.84 | 28.74 g | 17.65 | 29.00 f | 17.64 | <0.001 * |
| Flours/other cereal grains/starches | 4.03 a | 14.42 | 4.14 b | 15.55 | 3.44 a,c | 11.91 | 5.22 d | 17.62 | 4.52 e,c | 15.51 | 5.56 e | 17.99 | 4.67 g | 16.84 | 4.49 h | 16.39 | <0.001 * |
| Regular breads/bread rolls (plain/unfilled/untopped varieties) | 70.36 a | 35.76 | 72.28 b | 36.02 | 74.47 c | 34.16 | 66.68 d | 37.87 | 69.65 e | 37.05 | 68.84 f | 37.48 | 70.41 g | 36.38 | 69.63 h | 36.39 | <0.001 * |
| English-style muffins, flat breads, and savoury and sweet breads | 9.25 a | 22.00 | 10.10 b | 22.98 | 8.06 c | 20.18 | 10.63 d | 22.78 | 9.74 e | 21.83 | 10.76 f | 23.96 | 9.49 b | 21.99 | 8.33 h | 20.35 | <0.001 * |
| Pasta and pasta products | 0.76 a | 3.11 | 1.28 b | 8.76 | 0.85 c | 4.88 | 2.60 d | 11.94 | 1.26 e,a | 6.97 | 1.70 f | 9.50 | 1.84 f | 9.56 | 2.69 h | 12.33 | <0.001 * |
| Breakfast cereals, ready to eat | 9.55 a | 22.60 | 5.16 b | 17.13 | 4.84 c | 15.69 | 7.94 d | 22.29 | 8.23 e,d | 23.08 | 6.13 f | 18.71 | 5.85 g | 17.90 | 7.84 h | 21.41 | <0.001 * |
| Breakfast cereals, hot porridge style | 2.43 a | 9.48 | 3.57 b | 14.29 | 4.04 c | 16.25 | 4.01 d | 14.69 | 3.45 e | 13.79 | 4.27 f,c | 15.65 | 3.70 g | 13.96 | 4.61 h,f,d | 16.90 | <0.001 * |
| Cereal based products/dishes | 11.68 a | 12.52 | 12.32 b | 15.47 | 12.26 c | 14.04 | 11.41 b | 13.29 | 11.11 e | 12.58 | 12.16 f | 14.05 | 11.89 c | 13.64 | 11.57 h | 13.24 | <0.001 * |
| Sweet biscuits | 10.57 a | 26.83 | 11.66 b | 26.60 | 8.65 c | 24.00 | 13.06 d | 28.75 | 10.73 e | 26.37 | 10.36 f | 26.39 | 10.94 g,e | 26.93 | 11.58 h | 27.65 | <0.001 * |
| Savoury biscuits | 7.67 a | 23.82 | 5.96 b | 19.84 | 4.90 c | 17.44 | 6.21 d | 20.46 | 8.19 e | 24.84 | 6.07 f | 20.54 | 5.28 g | 19.53 | 6.20 h | 20.41 | <0.001 * |
| Cakes, muffins, scones, cake-type desserts | 14.68 a | 29.67 | 15.84 b | 30.92 | 14.41 c,a | 29.04 | 13.31 d | 29.23 | 12.83 e | 28.57 | 14.06 f | 29.25 | 14.78 g | 29.81 | 17.35 h | 32.43 | <0.001 * |
| Pastries | 10.50 a | 23.72 | 11.37 b | 26.43 | 9.74 c | 24.59 | 12.45 d | 28.80 | 8.90 e | 23.54 | 9.74 f | 25.06 | 10.40 g | 25.67 | 8.03 h | 22.32 | <0.001 * |
| Mixed dishes where cereal is the major ingredient | 43.76 a | 43.86 | 38.76 b | 42.29 | 43.46 c | 43.86 | 42.94 d | 44.34 | 44.84 e | 44.30 | 42.30 f | 43.90 | 42.68 g | 44.37 | 41.97 h | 44.16 | <0.001 * |
| Batter-based products | 2.78 a | 13.66 | 4.14 b | 16.28 | 3.54 c | 15.81 | 0.92 d | 7.34 | 3.49 e | 16.16 | 4.04 f | 16.80 | 3.82 f | 16.38 | 2.10 h | 11.42 | <0.001 * |
| Fish/seafood products/dishes | 3.58 a | 9.71 | 3.21 b | 8.14 | 3.31 b | 8.33 | 3.66 c | 9.11 | 4.67 d | 10.58 | 4.01 e | 9.85 | 3.28 f | 8.13 | 3.77 g | 9.85 | <0.001 * |
| Fin fish | 8.10 a | 26.62 | 7.03 b | 25.12 | 10.11 c | 29.46 | 10.17 d | 29.56 | 8.48 e | 26.46 | 8.31 f | 26.73 | 8.27 g | 26.81 | 8.60 h | 27.33 | <0.001 * |
| Crustacea and molluscs | 2.83 a,e | 16.52 | 0.37 b | 6.03 | 1.33 c | 11.15 | 2.01 d | 13.22 | 1.82 e | 12.54 | 2.34 a | 14.25 | 2.61 g | 15.19 | 1.65 h | 11.81 | <0.001 * |
| Other sea/freshwater foods | 0.61 a | 7.76 | 0.02 b | 1.40 | 0.00 b | 0.00 | 0.98 d | 9.82 | 0.15 e | 3.87 | 0.51 f | 6.85 | 0.21 g | 4.26 | 0.70 d | 7.54 | <0.001 * |
| Packed fish/seafood | 7.48 a | 25.88 | 7.20 b | 25.29 | 5.79 c | 22.82 | 5.81 b | 21.77 | 9.09 e | 28.01 | 7.70 f | 26.10 | 7.12 g | 25.00 | 5.03 h | 21.22 | <0.001 * |
| Fish/seafood products (homemade and takeaway) | 6.20 a | 23.73 | 5.28 b | 21.90 | 5.25 b | 21.81 | 6.41 d | 23.77 | 7.80 e | 25.87 | 7.05 f | 24.79 | 6.75 g | 24.57 | 8.85 h | 27.80 | <0.001 * |
| Mixed dishes with fish/seafood as the major component | 0.53 a | 7.04 | 5.34 b | 21.87 | 2.38 c | 14.55 | 3.49 d | 17.74 | 3.82 e | 17.95 | 1.94 f | 13.19 | 3.04 g | 16.51 | 2.58 g | 14.81 | <0.001 * |
| Egg products/dishes | 4.21 a | 7.52 | 3.37 b | 7.56 | 3.68 c | 7.72 | 3.77 d | 7.98 | 4.38 e | 8.51 | 4.04 f | 8.42 | 4.52 g | 9.40 | 4.59 h | 9.62 | <0.001 * |
| Meat, poultry and game products/dishes | 2.98 a | 3.57 | 3.19 b | 4.83 | 3.13 c | 4.74 | 3.49 d | 5.42 | 3.13 e | 4.73 | 3.27 f | 4.61 | 3.22 c | 5.21 | 2.99 d | 3.74 | <0.001 * |
| Milk products and dishes | 25.93 a | 17.89 | 26.04 a | 18.50 | 26.12 b | 17.78 | 25.63 c | 19.30 | 25.04 d | 18.38 | 25.44 e | 18.44 | 26.21 f | 19.05 | 26.52 b | 18.58 | <0.001 * |
| Dairy milk | 58.10 a | 37.83 | 58.06 b | 37.76 | 56.98 c | 37.10 | 57.40 d | 39.82 | 59.60 c | 38.62 | 58.38 f | 37.96 | 57.16 g | 38.16 | 60.52 h | 37.39 | <0.001 * |
| Yoghurt | 10.76 a | 23.14 | 11.08 b | 23.63 | 7.55 c | 17.92 | 7.43 d | 19.07 | 8.42 e | 21.01 | 9.62 f | 21.76 | 7.81 c | 19.15 | 9.37 h | 20.50 | <0.001 * |
| Cream | 0.61 a | 5.68 | 0.88 b | 7.90 | 0.80 c | 7.21 | 0.62 d | 3.91 | 0.69 e | 7.12 | 0.68 f | 5.51 | 0.60 g | 4.91 | 1.08 h | 6.98 | <0.001 * |
| Cheese | 9.51 a | 18.13 | 10.49 b | 23.14 | 10.96 c | 22.12 | 11.47 d | 23.77 | 11.95 e | 24.57 | 10.82 f | 22.31 | 12.19 g | 24.61 | 9.53 h | 20.65 | <0.001 * |
| Frozen milk products | 10.11 a | 23.54 | 7.22 b | 18.51 | 8.64 c | 20.08 | 7.88 d | 20.41 | 7.17 e | 19.69 | 6.86 f | 18.12 | 7.94 a | 19.25 | 7.05 h | 19.08 | <0.001 * |
| Custards | 0.84 a | 7.02 | 0.27 b | 2.98 | 0.88 c | 6.76 | 0.69 d | 5.88 | 0.49 e | 3.62 | 0.95 f | 6.79 | 1.09 g | 7.57 | 0.57 h | 4.67 | <0.001 * |
| Other dishes where milk is the major component | 0.34 a | 2.48 | 0.47 b | 4.43 | 0.93 a | 5.85 | 1.26 d | 8.79 | 0.71 e | 5.19 | 1.14 f | 7.70 | 1.19 g | 7.36 | 0.96 h | 6.18 | <0.001 * |
| Flavoured milks/milkshakes | 4.12 a | 16.04 | 4.08 b | 15.66 | 5.70 c | 19.20 | 4.22 d | 16.09 | 5.27 e | 19.05 | 4.48 f | 16.32 | 5.80 g | 19.16 | 4.75 h | 18.14 | <0.001 * |
| Vegetable products/dishes | 2.25 a | 3.03 | 2.28 b | 3.67 | 2.46 c | 3.74 | 2.64 d | 4.99 | 2.42 e | 3.75 | 2.23 f | 3.31 | 2.72 g | 4.28 | 2.60 h | 4.64 | <0.001 * |
| Other foods ** | |||||||||||||||||
| Total Iodine intake µg/day | 167.61 a,e | 78.61 | 169.27 b | 74.96 | 165.62 c,a,d | 74.42 | 165.93 d,a,f | 69.17 | 167.36 c,e,f | 74.43 | 164.02 g | 67.82 | 172.29 h | 73.15 | 174.23 i | 82.01 | <0.001 * |
# Age group categories used by NHMRC for Nutrient Reference Values [31]. * η2 < 0.01 indicating low effect size (eta square effect size). ^ Using average of two 24-h dietary recalls. ** Includes fruit products and dishes; fats and oils; dairy/meat substitutes; soup; seeds and nut products and dishes; savoury sauces and condiments; legume and pulses products and dishes; snack foods, sugar products and dishes, confectionary and cereal/nut/fruit/seed bars; alcoholic beverages; special dietary foods, miscellaneous, infant formulae and foods. Values within a row with different subscript letters were significantly different in post hoc analysis p < 0.05 (adjusted significance).