Table 2.
Summary of nutraceutical treatment regime and outcome measures in mdx pre-clinical trials.
| Nutraceutical | Dose and Delivery Method | Mouse Age and Treatment Duration | Muscles Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melatonin [89] | Daily intraperitoneal injection (30 mg/kg) or subcutaneous implants (18 and 54 mg/kg) | Begin at 2 weeks of age, treat for 2 weeks | Triceps |
| Chinese Herbs—Prostandim [94] | 457 mg/m2 prostandim in chow | Fed to pregnant mice and continued feeding until offspring were 6 weeks and 6 months old | Gastrocnemius, TA, rectus femoris and hamstring |
| Green Tea Extract (GTE) [119] | 0.01% or 0.05% GTE in chow | Fed to pregnant mice and neonates until 4 weeks old | Soleus and EDL |
| Green Tea Extract [120] | 0.05% or 0.025% GTE in chow | Began when 3 weeks old, continued until 4 or 7 weeks of age | Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus and EDL |
| Green Tea Extract [121] | 0.5% GTE in chow | Began when 3 weeks old, continued until 6 weeks of age | EDL |
| Green Tea Extract [125] | 0.25% or 0.5% GTE in chow | Began when 3 weeks old, continued until 4 or 6 weeks of age | TA |
| Soybeans—Genistein [150] | Intraperitoneal injection 2 mg/kg genistein daily or 3 times a week | From 5 weeks of age until 10 weeks of age | Biceps and EDL |
| Soybeans—Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBIC) [151] | 0.1% BBIC in chow | From 4 weeks of age until 16 weeks of age | TA, quadriceps, diaphragm and EDL |
| Curcumin [179] | 1% curcumin in chow | From 3 weeks of age until 5 weeks of age | Diaphragm and soleus |
| Curcumin [180] | Daily intraperitoneal injections; 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg | From 2.5 weeks until 4 weeks of age | EDL |
| Resveratrol [204] | 0.04% resveratrol in chow | From 9 weeks of age until 41 weeks of age | Biceps |
| Resveratrol [208] | 100 or 400 mg/kg/day resveratrol in chow | From 4 weeks of age until 12 weeks of age | Soleus, EDL, TA and gastrocnemius |
| Resveratrol [205] | 10, 20, 100 or 500 mg/kg resveratrol in chow | From 5 weeks of age until 6.5 weeks of age | Gastrocnemius and TA |
| Taurine [220] | 2% taurine in drinking water | From 18 days old until 42 days old | TA and EDL |
| l-arginine [245] | Daily intraperitoneal injection (400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) or subcutaneous osmotic pump (200 and 400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) | 8 weeks of age then treat for 28 days for injection 4 and 8 weeks for osmotic pumps | Quadriceps, EDL |
| l-arginine [246] | In the drinking water (0.375% w/v) | 4 weeks of age and treated for 17 days, 21 days and 21 days followed by 3 months of no treatment | Quadriceps |
| l-arginine [247] | Daily intraperitoneal injection (200 mg/kgbodyweight/day | 5 weeks of age and then treated for 2 weeks | Diaphragm |
| l-arginine [248] | Daily intraperitoneal injection (250 mg/kg bodyweight/day) | 3-month-old mice for a period of 6 months | Gastrocnemius |
Abbreviations: Tibialis anterior (TA), Extensor digitorum longus (EDL), Green tea extract (GTE).