Table 4.
Average GD composition of HM expressed as mg/L.
| Total Population | Guangzhou | Beijing | Suzhou | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GD mg/L | Colostrum (0–5 Days) n = 113 |
Transitional (6–15 Days) n = 81 |
Mature (16 Days–8 Months) n = 345 |
Colostrum (0–5 Days) n = 38 |
Transitional (6–15 Days) n = 22 |
Mature (16 Days–8 Months) n = 120 |
Colostrum (0–5 Days) n = 45 |
Transitional (6–15 Days) n = 21 |
Mature (16 Days–8 Months) n = 113 |
Colostrum (0–5 Days) n = 30 |
Transitional (6–15 Days) n = 38 |
Mature (16 Days–8 Months) n = 112 |
| GM3 | 3.8 ± 2.5 | 5.5 ± 3.2 † | 10.1 ± 4.6 †,‡ | 4.0 ± 2.7 a | 7.7 ± 4.5 b | 10.5 ± 4.6 c | 3.7 ± 2.3 a | 3.3 ± 1.6 d | 9.0 ± 3.8 c | 4.0 ± 2.6 a | 5.4 ± 2.0 e | 10.8 ± 5.2 c |
| GD3 | 4.1 ± 4.5 | 3.0 ± 3.4 † | 1.0 ± 1.7 †,‡ | 2.8 ± 2.5 a | 3.0 ± 3.5 b | 1.0 ± 2.3 c | 2.2 ± 2.0 a | 3.0 ± 2.8 b | 0.7 ± 0.9 c | 8.6 ± 5.9 d | 2.9 ± 3.7 b | 1.1 ± 1.5 c |
| GM3 + GD3 | 8.0 ± 5.3 | 8.5 ± 4.5 † | 11.0 ± 5.0 †,‡ | 6.6 ± 3.2 a | 10.7 ± 4.7 b | 11.5 ± 5.1 c | 5.9 ± 2.7 a | 6.3 ± 3.4 d | 9.7 ± 4.0 c | 12.6 ± 7.0 e | 8.3 ± 4.3 f | 11.9 ± 5.6 c |
| GM3/GD3 | 0.9 | 1.8 † | 10.1 †,‡ | 1.4 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 12.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 9.4 |
* Values are presented as average ± standard deviation. Values within a row with a symbol indicate statistically significant differences. † p < 0.05 versus colostrum. ‡ p < 0.05 versus transitional milk. a,b,c,d,e,f p < 0.05 among cities.