Table 3.

Consequences of deficient or low status of B-vitamins.

	Clinical Deficiency Signs [19,20,21,22]
Folate	Megaloblastic anaemia, clinical features characterised by  megaloblasts in the bone marrow  macrocytes in the peripheral blood  gigantism in the morphology of proliferating cells
B12	Megaloblastic anaemia  indistinguishable from folate-related megaloblastic anaemia Irreversible nerve damage/neuropathy  Sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SCD)
B6	Notable symptoms include:  Microcytic anaemia  Inflammation of the tongue  Sores or ulcers of the mouth  Dermatitis  Nervous/muscular signs   Irritability, fatigue, numbness   Headache, muscle twitching   Difficulty walking, convulsions  Depression and confusion
B2	Classic signs arbioflavinosis, rarely encountered in isolation  Anaemia  Cheliosis, Angular stomatitis  Glossitis  Redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and throat  Seborrheic dermatitis particularly affecting the nose, cheeks and forehead  Eyes burning and itching  Sensitivity to light  Loss of visual acuity  Gritty sensation under the eyelids
	Health Consequences of Low Status of Folate and/or Other B-Vitamins [83,84,85,86,87,88,89]
	Elevated homocysteine CVD and stroke Cognitive decline/dementia/Alzheimer’s Osteoporosis and risk of fractures