Table 2.

Anticancer effects of Rosemary Extract (RE). In vitro studies: pancreatic and breast cancer.

Cancer Cell	Dose/Duration	Findings	Mechanism	Reference
RINm5F (Insulinoma)	12–100 µg/mL (24–48 h)	↓ cell proliferation ↓ cell viability ↑ apoptosis	↑ nitrate accumulation. ↑ TNFα production.	[27]
MIA-PaCa-2 (Pancreatic carcinoma), PANC-1 (Pancreatic carcinoma)	20–120 µg/mL (48 h)	↓ cell viability	↑ PARP-cleavage	[21]
MCF-7 (ER+) (Breast adenocarcinoma)	40 mg RE powder filter (inserted into cigarette) (2 h)		↓ BP levels and associated DNA adduct formation.	[28]
MCF-7 (ER+) (Breast adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-468 (Breast adenocarcinoma)	0.1%–20% (5–120 h)	IC50 ~90 µg/mL and 26.8 µg/mL		[29]
MCF-7 (ER+) (Breast adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (Breast adenocarcinoma)	6.25–50 µg/mL (48 h)	↓ cell viability IC50 ~20.42 µg/mL		[30]
MCF-7 (Breast adenocarcinoma)	1–250 µg/mL (48 h)	↓ cell proliferation IC50 187 µg/mL		[31]
MCF-7 (Breast adenocarcinoma)	1.95–62.5 µg/mL (48 h) 3 REs standardized to 25.9%, 36.2%, 42.4% CA	↓ cell proliferation IC50 9.95–13.89 µg/mL		[18]
SK-BR-3 (HER2+) (Breast adenocarcinoma), UACC-812 (HER2+) (Breast ductal carcinoma), T-47D (ER+) (Breast ductal carcinoma), MCF-7 (ER+) (Breast adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (Breast adenocarcinoma)	10–120 µg/mL (48 h)	↓ cell viability Enhanced effect of chemotherapeutics ↑ apoptosis ↓ cell transformation	↑ FOS levels ↑ PARP cleavage ↓ HER2 ↓ ERBB2 ↓ ERα receptor.	[32]

TNFα (tumor necrosis factor), PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase), BP (benzopyrene), Fos (FBJ murine osteogenic sarcoma virus), HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), ERBB2 (HER2/neu gene), ERα (estrogen receptor α).