Table 5.

Anticancer effects of Rosemary Extract (RE). In vitro studies: leukemia.

Cancer Cell	Dose/Duration	Findings	Mechanism	Reference
WEHI-3B D (Murine myeloid leukemia), HL-60 (Myeloid leukemia), U937 (Myeloid leukemia)	RE (10 µM equivalent of CA) (48–96 h)	Potentiated following effects of VDA: ↓ cell proliferation ↑ cell cycle arrest ↑ cell differentiation ↑ apoptosis	↑ G1 phase	[41]
RAW 264.7 (Murine leukemia; macrophage), HL-60 (Myeloid leukemia), K-562 (Human leukemia)	0.1%–20% (5–120 h) (1–200 mg/mL)	↓ cell proliferation IC50 ~18.76 µg/mL and 33.5 µg/mL ↑ cell differentiation ↓ LPS-stimulated (LS) antioxidant activity	↓ (LS) NO ↑ antioxid-ant activity ↔ basal TNFɑ, IL-1β, iNOS or COX2 ↓ (LS) IL-1β and COX2	[29]
WEHI-3B D (Murine myeloid leukemia)	RE (10 µM equivalent of CA) (48–96 h)	Potentiated following effects of VDA: ↑ cell differentiation ↓ cell viability ↓ cell proliferation	↓ ROS ↑ antioxid-ant activity ↑ NADP(H)-quinone reductase	[40]
K-562 (Human leukemia)	6.25–50 µg/mL (48 h)	↓ cell viability IC50 ~12.50 µg/mL		[30]
K-562 (Human leukemia), U937 (Myeloid leukemia)	50 µg/mL (0–96 h)	↓ cell proliferation	↓ AKT1 ↑ Rb2 ↔ ERK2	[42]

VDA (vitamin D analogue), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), NO (nitric oxide), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α), IL-1β (interleukin 1β), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), COX2 (cyclooxygenase 2), ROS (reactive oxygen species), NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), Rb2 (retinoblastoma-related gene 2).