Table 12.

Anticancer effects of Carnosic Acid (CA). In vivo studies.

Animal Model	Dose/Duration	Findings	Mechanism	Reference
DMBA-induced oral cancer-hamster	10 mg/kg/day CA (14 weeks)	↓ # of tumors Anti-lipid peroxidative function ↑ detoxification enzymes		[83]
DMBA-induced oral cancer-hamster	10 mg/kg/day CA orally for (14 weeks)	↓ # of tumors	↑ p53, Bax, Bcl-2, casp 3, casp 9 ↓ COX-2, c-fos, NF-κB, cyclin D1	[84]
Human prostate biopsies xenografted into mice	100 mg/mouse dissolved in 100 µL cottonseed oil daily (25 days)	↓ tumor growth		[86]
DMBA-induced oral cancer-hamster	750 µg CA dissolved in 0.1 mL saline (20 µM) daily for (11 weeks)	↓ progression of cancer and development of lesions		[85]
AOM-induced colon cancer-mice	0.01%–0.02% CA fed with a high fat (45%) diet for (11 weeks)	↓ # of tumors ↓ tumor size	↓ insulin, leptin and IGF-1 serum levels compared to mice fed HFD alone ↓ insulin receptor, leptin receptor, p-ERK, cyclin D1, Bcl-xL expression	[52]
K562 leukemia inoculated mouse	1% (v/v) CA with standard powdered rodent diet Ad libitum	↓ # of leukemia cells ↑ apoptotic cells ↑ survival time		[87]

Bax (Bcl-2-like protein 4), Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2), casp (caspase), COX2 (cyclooxygenase 2), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), HFD (high fat diet), p-ERK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase), Bcl-xL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large), # (number).