Table 16.
Anticancer effects of Rosmarinic Acid (RA). In vivo studies.
| Animal Model | Dose and Duration | Findings | Mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seven-Nine week old male Balb/c mice | 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.35 mg/mouse (30 months) before TPA treatment | ↓ myeloperoxidase activity | ↓ COX2 induction | [107] |
| C57BL/6 mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma | 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg RA (20 days) | ↓ tumor growth | [90] | |
| Golden Syrian hamsters | 100 mg/kg RA (14 weeks) | Completely prevented tumor formation in DMBA-treated hamsters | ↓ p53 ↓ Bcl-2 |
[108] |
| C57BL/6J Min/+ (ApcMin) mice | 360 mg/kg RA (8 weeks) | ↓ the frequency of large adenomas | ↑ levels of parent compound in plasma | [109] |
| DMH induced colon cancer (Albino Wistar male rats) | 2.5–10 mg/kg RA (16 weeks) through intragastric intubation | ↓ DMH induced aberrant crypt foci | ↓ DMH induced increase in bacterial enzymes | [110] |
| DMBA induced skin cancer (Swiss albino mice) | 100 mg/kg RA administered (1 weeks) before DMBA treatment | ↓ skin tumors | ↑ status of phase I (cyt p450) detoxification agents ↑ status of phase II (GST, GR, GSH) detoxification agents. Restored activity levels of casp 3, casp 9, p53 and Bcl-2. |
[111] |
| DMH induced colon cancer (Male Wistar rats) | 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg RA (4 weeks) | ↓ DMH induced aberrant crypt foci, number of polyps, reversed the markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant status, CYP450 content and PNPH activity | [112] | |
| Five month old Syrian hamsters | 1.3 mg/mL RA (2 weeks) pretreatment | ↓ incidence of tumors ↑ differentiation ↓ scores in the tumor invasion front grading system. |
[113] | |
| 5 week old male nude Balb/c mice incubated sub-cutaneously with MKN45 cells into their flanks. | 2 mg/kg RA via celiac injection daily (14 days) | ↓ Warburg effect | ↓ glucose uptake | [114] |
| DMH induced colon cancer (Male Wistar rats) | 5 mg/kg RA orally (30 weeks) | ↓ DMH induced colon tumor formation | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-6 ↓ COX2 |
[96] |
TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylpheorbol-13-acetate), COX2 (cyclooxygenase 2), DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene), DMH (1,2-dimethylhydrazine), p53 (tumor protein p53), casp (caspase), Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2), CYP450 (cytochrome p450), GST (Glutathione S-transferase), GR (glucocorticoid receptor), GSH (glutathione), PNPH (p-nitrophenol hydroxylase), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-6 (interleukin-6).