Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to the quartiles of the dietary inflammatory index (DII).
| Characteristics | Quartiles of the DII | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 743) | Q2 (n = 744) | Q3 (n = 744) | Q4 (n = 744) | p * | |
| DII | |||||
| Median | −3.43 | −1.96 | −0.48 | 1.24 | |
| Minimum, maximum | −5.82, <−2.67 | −2.67, <−1.23 | −1.23, <0.29 | 0.29, 5.23 | |
| Age, years | 47.8 ± 11.6 | 45.8 ± 11.9 | 43.5 ± 11.3 | 41.9 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Men | 209 (16.1) | 292 (22.4) | 375 (28.8) | 428 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 27 (11.9) | 47 (20.7) | 73 (32.2) | 80 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index †, kg/m2 | 28.8 ± 4.63 | 28.0 ± 4.41 | 27.8 ± 4.47 | 27.4 ± 4.41 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity ‡, MET-min/week | 652 ± 893 | 561 ± 768 | 505 ± 762 | 469 ± 780 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes § | 76 (23.5) | 85 (26.3) | 80 (24.8) | 82 (25.4) | 0.90 |
| Glucose-lowering medication | 62 (42.8) | 36 (24.8) | 24 (16.6) | 23 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 74 (36.5) | 52 (25.6) | 44 (21.7) | 33 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension ¶ | 152 (31.5) | 127 (26.3) | 105 (21.8) | 98 (20.3) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). * Chi-square test was used for categorical variables; ANOVA was used for continuous variables; † Missing for 15 subjects; ‡ Missing for 296 subjects; § Missing for 2 subjects; ¶ Hypertension: SBP/DBP ≥ 130/85 or use of hypertensive medication.