Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
Age was examined by a 2 [diagnostic group: control, bipolar disorder] x 2 [genotype: homozygous for the rs9804190 C allele (CC), carriers of the T (risk) allele (T-carriers)] ANOVA. All other factors were examined with Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.
| Healthy Control | Bipolar Disorder | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC group (n=56) | T-carrier Group (n=41) | CC Group (N=52) | T-carrier Group (n=38) | |||
|
|
||||||
| Demographics | Age (SD) | 23.9 (9.0) | 28.6 (12.9) | 27.5 (12.2) | 26.5(11.1) | 0.193 |
|
| ||||||
| Female (%) | 28 (50) | 23 (53) | 35 (67) | 26 (68) |
0.034 (HC vs. BD) 0.611 (CC vs. CT+TT) 0.911 (BD: CC vs. CT −TT) 0.552 (HC: CC vs. CT+TT) |
|
|
| ||||||
| Rapid Cycling (%)1 | -- | -- | 27 (52) | 12 (32) | 0.054 | |
|
| ||||||
| Lifetime Psychosis (%) | -- | -- | 18 (35) | 13 (34) | 0.998 | |
|
| ||||||
| Suicide Attempt (%) | -- | -- | 11 (22) | 12 (32) | 0.252 | |
|
| ||||||
| Mood State [Euthymic(%) / Depressed(%) / Elevated(%)] | -- | -- | 28 (54)/11 (21)/13 (25) | 20 (53)/10 (26)/8 (21) | 0.817 | |
|
|
||||||
| Medications | Medicated at scan (%) | -- | -- | 42 (81) | 30 (79) | 0.831 |
|
| ||||||
| Lithium (%) | -- | -- | 17 (33) | 6 (16) | 0.069 | |
|
| ||||||
| Anticonvulsant (%) | -- | -- | 22 (42) | 13 (34) | 0.436 | |
|
| ||||||
| Antipsychotic (%) | -- | -- | 26 (51) | 13 (35) | 0.140 | |
|
| ||||||
| Antidepressant (%) | -- | -- | 15 (29) | 14 (37) | 0.423 | |
|
| ||||||
| Stimulant (%) | -- | -- | 6 (12) | 8 (21) | 0.219 | |
|
| ||||||
| Benzodiazepine (%) | -- | -- | 8 (15) | 11 (29) | 0.119 | |
|
| ||||||
| Dopamine Agonist (%) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.507F | |||
|
| ||||||
| Opiate (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Anticholinergic (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Ketamine (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotic (%) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |||
|
| ||||||
| Adrenergic Agonist (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0.422F | |||
|
| ||||||
| Levothyroxine (%)2 | -- | -- | 5 (10) | 2 (5) | 1.000F | |
|
|
||||||
| Lifetime Substance Use Disorders | Alcohol Abuse or Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 9 (17) | 9 (24) | 0.455 |
|
| ||||||
| Cannabis Abuse or Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 6 (12) | 8 (21) | 0.219 | |
|
| ||||||
| Polysubstance Abuse or Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Stimulant Abuse or Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 2 (4) | 2 (5) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Cocaine Abuse or Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 3 (6) | 2 (5) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Sedative/Hypnotic Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Opioid Dependence (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1.000F | |
|
|
||||||
| Lifetime Other Psychiatric Disorders | Post Traumatic Stress (%) | -- | -- | 6 (12) | 2 (5) | 0.459F |
|
| ||||||
| Generalized Anxiety (%) | -- | -- | 4 (8) | 1 (3) | 0.392F | |
|
| ||||||
| Substance Induced Anxiety (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Specific Phobia (%) | -- | -- | 4 (8) | 1 (3) | 0.397F | |
|
| ||||||
| Social Phobia (%) | -- | -- | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 0.072F | |
|
| ||||||
| Panic Disorder (%) | -- | -- | 2 (4) | 3 (8) | 0.647F | |
|
| ||||||
| Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (%) | -- | -- | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 0.072F | |
|
| ||||||
| Obsessive Compulsive (%) | -- | -- | 3 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.260F | |
|
| ||||||
| Anorexia Nervosa (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 2 (5) | 0.571F | |
|
| ||||||
| Bullmia (%) | -- | -- | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
| Binge Eating (%) | -- | -- | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 1.000F | |
|
| ||||||
F
represents p-value calculated with Fisher’s exact test. Clinical factors assessed in both adolescents and adults are reported.
1
Rapid-cycling reported is lifetime history of rapid cycling
2
Individuals on levothyroxine had hypothyroidism.