Table 2. Mean scores for the yoga and control groups across all four data collection time points on emotional self-regulation, substance use willingness, perceived stress, mood, and impulsivity.
| Scale(s) | Construct | Yoga | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Pre | Post | Follow-up #1 | Follow-up #2 | Pre | Post | Follow-up #1 | Follow-up #2 | ||
| KWSCS; CAMS-AC; CSMS-SC | Emotional self-control | 48.72 ± 10.21 | 49.07 ± 10.79 | 49.49 ± 9.56 | 50.80 ± 11.88 | 48.53 ± 9.08 | 48.36 ± 10.39 | 49.12 ± 9.61 | 50.75 ± 10.36 |
| ALS; WCI; CSMS-SR; CAMS-AR | Emotional dysregulation | 46.19 ± 13.35 | 47.09 ± 13.68 | 46.72 ± 14.74 | 44.37 ± 15.56 | 46.31 ± 11.65 | 47.07 ± 13.17 | 45.97 ± 12.44 | 46.35 ± 14.17 |
| SUW | Cigarettes | 3.17 ± 0.61 | 3.21 ± 0.76 | 3.51 ± 1.45 | 3.49 ± 1.26 | 3.17 ± 0.65 | 3.44 ± 1.06 | 3.41 ± 1.07 | 3.57 ± 1.48 |
| Beer | 3.46 ± 0.97 | 3.75 ± 1.66 | 4.25 ± 2.22 | 4.16 ± 2.11 | 3.38 ± 0.85 | 3.87 ± 1.63 | 4.04 ± 1.76 | 4.31 ± 1.98 | |
| Marijuana | 3.10 ± 0.54 | 3.27 ± 1.19 | 3.58 ± 1.82 | 3.56 ± 1.48 | 3.12 ± 0.67 | 3.24 ± 0.72 | 3.42 ± 1.14 | 3.59 ± 1.53 | |
| Drugs | 6.75 ± 1.03 | 6.74 ± 1.30 | 7.10 ± 1.59 | 7.10 ± 1.48 | 6.82 ± 1.47 | 6.73 ± 1.16 | 6.90 ± 1.20 | 7.04 ± 1.78 | |
| PSS | Perceived stress | 16.85 ± 7.73 | 17.46 ± 7.18 | 16.95 ± 7.33 | 16.81 ± 7.33 | 17.80 ± 6.33 | 18.95 ± 7.17 | 17.70 ± 6.47 | 18.72 ± 6.91 |
| BRUMS | Anger | 4.79 ± 3.62 | 5.38 ± 3.92 | 5.02 ± 3.52 | 5.04 ± 3.63 | 4.76 ± 3.18 | 5.34 ± 3.24 | 5.17 ± 3.43 | 5.59 ± 3.51 |
| Confusion | 5.28 ± 3.40 | 5.24 ± 3.56 | 5.04 ± 3.29 | 5.00 ± 3.92 | 5.34 ± 2.96 | 6.00 ± 3.52 | 5.47 ± 3.17 | 5.71 ± 3.67 | |
| Depression | 3.49 ± 3.57 | 3.97 ± 4.27 | 3.58 ± 3.63 | 4.09 ± 4.32 | 3.59 ± 3.47 | 4.40 ± 3.60 | 3.88 ± 3.45 | 4.52 ± 3.93 | |
| Fatigue | 10.04 ±4.12 | 10.06 ± 4.08 | 9.80 ± 3.98 | 10.10 ± 4.41 | 10.30 ± 3.87 | 10.36 ± 4.26 | 10.24 ± 4.35 | 10.52 ± 4.50 | |
| Tension | 6.93 ± 4.02 | 7.05 ± 4.00 | 6.00 ± 3.67 | 6.58 ± 4.00 | 7.23 ± 3.79 | 7.84 ± 3.87 | 6.90 ± 4.00 | 7.33 ± 4.07 | |
| Vigor | 9.02 ± 3.35 | 8.93 ± 3.42 | 8.56 ± 3.24 | 8.51 ± 3.47 | 9.36 ± 3.05 | 9.40 ± 3.24 | 9.31 ± 3.00 | 8.65 ± 3.29 | |
| UPPS-P | Negative urgency | 1.99 ± 0.62 | 2.03 ± 0.63 | 1.95 ± 0.66 | 2.01 ± 0.76 | 1.98 ± 0.55 | 1.94 ± 0.58 | 1.96 ± 0.66 | 1.98 ± 0.64 |
| Lack of premeditation | 1.89 ± 0.42 | 1.96 ± 0.45 | 1.93 ± 0.49 | 1.89 ± 0.50 | 2.00 ± 0.41 | 1.96 ± 0.49 | 1.95 ± 0.44 | 1.99 ± 0.46 | |
| Lack of perseverance | 1.91 ± 0.43 | 1.95 ± 0.47 | 1.99 ± 0.47 | 1.95 ± 0.50 | 1.92 ± 0.45 | 1.94 ± 0.47 | 1.92 ± 0.48 | 1.95 ± 0.48 | |
| Sensation seeking | 2.63 ± 0.60 | 2.67 ± 0.61 | 2.63 ± 0.62 | 2.69 ± 0.67 | 2.77 ± 0.58 | 2.71 ± 0.62 | 2.76 ± 0.66 | 2.79 ± 0.67 | |
| Positive urgency | 1.71 ± 0.62 | 1.81 ± 0.70 | 1.74 ± 0.68 | 1.80 ± 0.86 | 1.70 ± 0.55 | 1.67 ± 0.64 | 1.70 ± 0.72 | 1.74 ± 0.74 | |
| ZTPI | Future time perspective | 25.85 ± 5.06 | 24.68 ± 5.46 | 24.49 ± 5.01 | 24.58 ± 5.76 | 25.15 ± 4.53 | 24.80 ± 5.15 | 24.85 ± 4.68 | 24.69 ± 4.96 |
| Present time perspective | 14.72 ± 4.31 | 15.32 ± 4.79 | 15.63 ± 5.00 | 15.06 ± 4.58 | 14.94 ± 4.17 | 14.94 ± 4.32 | 14.36 ± 4.55 | 14.67 ± 4.55 | |
KWSCS Kendall-Wilcox Self-Control Schedule, CAMS-AC Children's Anger Management Scale (Anger Control Subscale), CAMS-AR Children's Anger Management Scale (Anger Rumination Subscale), CSMS-SC Children's Sadness Management Scale (Sadness Control Subscale), CSMS-SR Children's Sadness Management Scale (Sadness Rumination Subscale), ALS Affective Lability Scale, WCI Wills Coping Inventory, SUW Substance Use Willingness Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, BRUMS Brunei University Mood Scale, UPPS-P The Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking Plus Impulsive Behavior Scale, ZTPI Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory