Table 4.
Molecular/ functional target |
Nanoparticles | Imaging platforms |
Animal model, dose and administration route |
Results | Year and reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activated platelets |
Versatile ultrasmall super paramagnetic iron oxide (VUSPIO) nanoparticles with recombinant human IgG4 antibody |
MRI |
In vitro human platelets; ex vivo human aorta samples; ApoE −/− mice; 10 µg/mL of antibody; I.V. |
Nanoparticles bound to activated platelets. |
2015136 |
Fibrin | Fibrin-binding peptides conjugated iron oxide nanoparticle–micelles (FibPep-ION- Micelles) |
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) |
Human clots incubated with FibPep-ION- Micelles in vitro |
Nanoparticles bound to the blood clot and gave a high signal. |
2013134 |
Collapse of mitochondria l membrane potential during apoptosis |
Synthetic biodegradable HDL- nanoparticles quantum dots |
Optical imaging- fluorescence microscopy |
RAW 264.7 macrophages, Male Sprague– Dawley rats; I.V. |
Both in vivo and in vitro data revealed the increased detection of apoptotic cells. Synthetic biodegradable HDL- nanoparticles quantum dots targeted the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential during apoptosis. |
2013129 |
Activated platelets |
Versatile ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (VUSPIO) particles, coupled to an anti-human P- selectin antibody (VH10) |
MRI | Human platelets and endothelial cells; ApoE−/− mice. I.V. |
VH10 bound to human activated platelets and endothelial cells. |
2011135 |
Phosphatidyl serine on apoptotic cells and macrophages |
Annexin A5- conjugated micellar nanoparticles carrying multiple Gd- labeled lipids and fluorescent lipids |
MRI Fluorescence imaging |
In vitro T- lymphoma cell line (Jurkat cells) at a concentration of 1 mM total lipid of nanoparticles; ApoE−/− mice, 2.5 µmol lipids per mouse; I.V. |
Annexin A5-conjugated micellar nanoparticles targeted to apoptotic cells, and they detected PS-presenting cells in atherosclerotic lesions in apoE−/− mice. |
2010128 |
Fibrin | Clot-binding peptide cysteine-arginine- glutamic acid-lysine- alanine (CREKA) bound micelles loaded with an anticoagulant drug hirulog |
Fluorescence imaging |
ApoE−/− mice; 100 µL of 1 mM micelles; I.V. |
Micelles bound to unstable lesions in apoE−/− mice; Hirulog-loaded micelles had high hirulog concentrations and anti- thrombin activity in lesions. |
2009133 |
Protease | Polymeric nanoparticles containing a protease sensor |
Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) and CT |
ApoE−/− mice; 5 nmol of protease sensor; I.V. |
High signal intensity of nanoparticles was detected in the artery wall. |
2009123 |
Phosphatidyl serine on apoptotic cells |
Annexin V conjugated superparmagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) |
MRI | Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits; SPIONs containing 0.05 mg of iron, I.V. |
Annexin V conjugated SPIONs targeted to atherosclerotic lesions, but not healthy blood vessels. |
2007127 |
Fibrin | Fibrin targeted (via anti-fibrin antibodies) Gd-DTPA-PE nanoparticles |
MRI | Blood clots incubation |
Gd-DTPA-PE nanoparticles modified with anti-fibrin antibodies had a high binding affinity to thrombi. |
2003131 |
Notes:
ApoE−/−, apolipoprotein E null
CD44, cell surface adhesion molecule
Cy5.5, near-infrared (IR) fluorescence dye
CT, computed tomography
DTPA, diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid
Fe, iron
Gd, gadolinium
HDL, high-density lipoprotein
I.V., intravenous injection
MBq, megabecquerel as unit of radioactivity
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
PEG, polyethylene glycol
SPIONs , superparmagnetic iron oxide particles