Hypothalamic and pituitary function in Bmal1 KO males. A, Male serum FSH (n = 6, Student's t test). B, Male serum LH (n = 6, Student's t test). C, Pituitary gene expression: mRNA expression of FSHβ, LHβ, and GnRH receptor mRNAs in the pituitary of WT and Bmal1 KO males (n = 5, Student's t test). D, Hypothalamic gene expression (n = 4–6, Student's t test). E, GnRH challenge: LH response to exogenous injection of GnRH (n = 5–6, two way ANOVA followed by Sidak post hoc). F, Kisspeptin challenge: LH response to injection of kisspeptin peptide (kiss-10) (n = 4, two way ANOVA followed by Sidak post hoc). G, AVPV kisspeptin expression: mRNA expression of kisspeptin in the AVPV, a marker of brain masculinization (n = 3, one way ANOVA followed by Tukey pot hoc). H, Preputial separation: postnatal day when preputial separation occurs in male mice (marker of puberty) (n = 8–9, Student's t test). *, P < .05; **, P < .01; ***, P < .001; ****, P < .0001.