Olfactory function in Bmal1 KO males. A, Buried food test: latency to discovery of buried food pellet (n = 7, Student's t test). B, Chemoinvestigation: time spent performing anogenital sniffing upon introduction of receptive female (n = 3–9, one way ANOVA). C and D, Territorial marking: urine marks in response to a spot of receptive female estrous urine scent on Whatman paper (n = 6–8, Student's t test). E, VNO function: isolated vomeronasal neuron calcium flux response to whole urine from a WT male (n = 3, Student's t test). F, VNO function: isolated vomeronasal neuron response to high molecular weight (HMW) fraction of urine from a WT male in culture (n = 3 Student's t test, P < .05). **, P < .01; ***, P < .001.