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. 2016 Nov 2;5(11):e108. doi: 10.1038/cti.2016.63

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

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Biological activity comparison of TLR4 ligands on primary cells. (a) Cytokine release from human whole blood. As shown in the graph, SLA-AF significantly enhances the amount of IFNγ produced per unit of IL1 β, a hallmark of inflammation. Statistically significant differences between indicated groups were determined by analysis of variance with Bonferroni's correction for multiple tests, NS indicates not significant. (b) Cytokine release from human dendritic cells. At 1 nM agonist SLA-AF induced 100 pg to low ng levels of cytokines and chemokines. (c) Formulated SLA strongly stimulates human cells. When formulated as a squalene emulsion, SLA-SE strongly stimulates human whole blood in vitro.