Table 1. Characteristics of included prospective studies of coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer.
| Study | Cohort Name | Country | Age | No. of Cases | No. of Cohort size | Duration of follow-up (years) | Coffee consumption | Relative risk (95% CI) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inoue et al.24 | JPHC Study | Japan | 40–69 | 334 | 90,452 | 10 | ≥5 cups/day vs. Almost never | 0.24 (0.08–0.77) | Age, sex, study center, smoking, alcohol intake, vegetable consumption, and tea intake. |
| Kurozawa et al.25 | JACC Study | Japan | 40–79 | 258 | 83,966 | 11 | ≥1 cup/day vs. Non-drinkers | 0.50 (0.31–0.79) | Age, sex, education, history of diabetes and liver diseases, smoking, and alcohol intake. |
| Shimazu et al.26 | Cohort 1 | Japan | >40 | 70 | 22,404 | 9 | ≥1 cup/day vs. Non-drinkers | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | Age, sex, history of liver disease, smoking, and alcohol intake |
| Cohort 2 | Japan | 40–64 | 47 | 38,703 | 6 | ≥1 cup/day vs. Non-drinkers | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | Age, sex, history of liver disease, smoking, and alcohol intake | |
| Hu et al.27 | — | Finland | 25–74 | 128 | 60,323 | 19.3 | ≥8 cups/day vs. 0–1 cup/day | 0.32 (0.16–0.62) | Age, sex, study year, alcohol intake, smoking, education, diabetes, history of liver disease, and BMI |
| Ohishi et al.28 | AHSI | Japan | NA | 224 | 644 | 44 | Daily vs. Non-drinkers | 0.40 (0.16–1.02) | Age, sex, history of liver disease, alcohol intake, smoking, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and radiation dose to the liver. |
| Johnson et al.29 | SCH study | Singapore | 45–74 | 362 | 63,257 | 13 | ≥3 cups/day vs. Non-drinkers | 0.56 (0.31–1.00) | Age, sex, dialect group, study year, BMI, education, alcohol intake, smoking, tea intake, and history of diabetes |
| Lai et al.30 | ATBCP Study | Finland | 50–69 | 194 | 27,037 | 18.2 | ≥4 cups/day vs. 0–1 cup/day | 0.53 (0.30–0.95) | Age, BMI, education, marital status, history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol intake, tea intake, ATBC intervention arm, and serum cholesterol. |
| Bamia et al.31 | EPIC | European | 25–70 | 201 | 486,799 | 11 | Q5 vs. Q1 | 0.28 (0.16–0.50) | Age, sex, diabetes, education, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, energy intake, and tea intake. |
| Petrick et al.3 | LCPP | USA | 25–70 | 1,120 | 1,212,893 | 10–22 | >3 cups/day vs. Non-drinkers | MHCC:0.73 (0.53–0.99); MICC: 1.11 (0.52–2.35),WICC:0.89 (0.46–1.72) | Age, sex, race, cohort, BMI, smoking, and alcohol intake. |
| Setiawan et al.32 | MEC | USA | 45–75 | 451 | 162,022 | 18 | ≥4 cups/day vs. Non-drinkers | 0.59 (0.35–0.99) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, and diabetes. |
No., number; JACC Study: Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk; JPHC Study: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study; AHSI, the Adult Health Study longitudinal cohort; SCH study, the Singapore Chinese Health Study; ATBCP Study:, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; EPIC, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition; LCPP, the Liver Cancer Pooling Project; MEC, the US Multiethnic Cohort; MHCC, hepatocellular carcinoma in men; WICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in women; MICC, hepatocellular carcinoma in men.