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. 2016 Oct 28;17(11):1808. doi: 10.3390/ijms17111808

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Independent validation of glioma-specific markers. Three related genes were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. (A) The expression of PPIC expression was significantly higher in malignant gliomas compared to lower grade gliomas and non-tumor brain tissue. PPIC expression directly correlated with glioma grade; (B,C) EMP3 and CHI3L1 expression was drastically increased in malignant gliomas, but no directly correlated with the glioma grade; (D–F) PPIC, EMP3 and CHI3L1 expression was drastically increased between gliomas and normal tissue in GSE4290 data.