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. 2016 Nov 1;17(11):1821. doi: 10.3390/ijms17111821

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Comparison of the biofilm density (left panel) and extracellular polymeric substance (right panel) of S. aureus biofilms cultured in the disk model and 3D gingival model, respectively; (B) Schematic illustration of the procedures of chitosan hydrogel mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in 3D gingival model; (C) Cell survival fraction of S. aureus biofilm in 3D gingival model treated will chitosan hydrogel-mediated PDI. Biofilm cells were incubated with 20 μM TBO or chitosan hydrogels containing 20 μM toluidine blue O (TBO) for 0.5 h, followed by light exposure on two sides of the 3D gingival model (irradiation dose: 5.4 J·cm⁻² for each side; total light dose: 10.8 J·cm⁻²). After PDI, S. aureus biofilm was maintained in contact with the chitosan hydrogels with an additional 0.5 h (☐) and 2 h (■) incubation prior to plate count. Each value is the mean of three independent experiments ± standard deviation. * p < 0.05.

(A) Comparison of the biofilm density (left panel) and extracellular polymeric substance (right panel) of S. aureus biofilms cultured in the disk model and 3D gingival model, respectively; (B) Schematic illustration of the procedures of chitosan hydrogel mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in 3D gingival model; (C) Cell survival fraction of S. aureus biofilm in 3D gingival model treated will chitosan hydrogel-mediated PDI. Biofilm cells were incubated with 20 μM TBO or chitosan hydrogels containing 20 μM toluidine blue O (TBO) for 0.5 h, followed by light exposure on two sides of the 3D gingival model (irradiation dose: 5.4 J·cm⁻² for each side; total light dose: 10.8 J·cm⁻²). After PDI, S. aureus biofilm was maintained in contact with the chitosan hydrogels with an additional 0.5 h (☐) and 2 h (■) incubation prior to plate count. Each value is the mean of three independent experiments ± standard deviation. * p < 0.05.