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Sal B protected RPE cells by Grx1 induction though activating the Nrf2 pathway. Sal B in RPE cells acts upon Nrf2, causing Nrf2 expression to increase in the cell and translocate to the nucleus. Nrf2 binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE), causing the activation of Grx1 transcription. Grx1 up-regulation enhances cell survival due to an improved redox state and prevention of PSSG accumulation in RPE cells.
