Sexual dimorphism of miRNA expression in RA. Representative scheme of the 11 selected X-linked: miR221/222 (1); miR532/188 (2); miR-98/let-7f (3); miR-223 (4); miR-652 (5); miR-363/106a/20b/92a (6); miR-718 (7) and miR-3202 (8). (a–e) Expression levels of 11 X-linked miRNAs: miR-221 and miR-222 (a); miR-532 (b); miR-98 (c); miR-223 and miR-652 (d); and miR-106a, miR-20d, miR-363 and miR-92a (e) were detected on PBMCs isolated from the blood of RA patients and healthy controls using RT-PCR. For normalization, the endogenous RNU48 was used. In each group, subjects were divided according to their gender. miR-718 and miR-3202 are not detectable. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of 21 RA patients and 21 healthy subjects, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney test.