T-MSC-SCs promote neurite outgrowth in NSC34 cells: (A) NSC34 cells were grown in PM, DM, CM, or SM and monitored using phase-contrast microscopy; (B) Graphs represent the percentages of NSC34 cells showing neurites and the mean lengths of the longest neurites in different culture conditions; (C) RT-qPCR analyses of the BDNF, GDNF and NGF genes in T-MSCs, T-MSC-NSs, T-MSC-SCs, and human Schwann cells (HSC). Expression levels were normalized against expression of the housekeeping gene encoding glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and the results are reported as ratios of the marker gene expression versus undifferentiated T-MSCs. Data are presented as the mean ± SE of at least three experiments. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls multiple comparison tests (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).