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. 2016 Nov 22;17(11):1885. doi: 10.3390/ijms17111885

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Signaling pathways potentially associated with OGP(10–14) (in green) during the bone formation process. (A) Proliferation of osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) induced by OGP involving the ERK1/2, MAPKAPK2, CREB signaling cascade [58]; (B–D) Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to osteoblasts by linking the OGP(10–14) to its cellular receptor. (B) Participation of heme oxidase 1 (HO-1), Osteonectin, BMP-2 and RUNX-2 [56]; (C) Extracellular osteoprotegerin (OPG) influencing the cytoplasmic expression of Cyclin A and CDK2 [55]; (D) RhoA/ROCK signaling cascade in the presence of GTP [57]; (E) Participation of lncRNA AK141205 in the acetylation of H4 influencing the expression of CXCL13 in osteoblast differentiation [60].