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Schematic diagram showing the signaling pathways leading to METH- and gp120-induced autophagy. METH interacts with mGluR5 and opioid receptors and induce autophagy. METH and gp120 inhibit Akt, which in turn suppresses downstream signal mTOR, and activates Beclin-1- and Atg5/7-dependent autophagy pathway. METH and gp120 coordinate to induce cell death, which is exacerbated when autophagy is inhibited
