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. 2016 Nov;13(124):20160633. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0633

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© 2016 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — (a) A snapshot of the numerical simulation for a swimming spermatozoon near a rigid wall. (b) Snapshots of swimming spermatozoa with the five different beat patterns: (I) the non-hyperactivated planar beat, (II) the non-hyperactivated helical beat, and the hyperactivated beat within (III) a low-viscosity, water-like medium, (IV) a high-viscosity medium and (V) COC (cumulus) matrix. Four snapshots during one beat period with an equal time separation are superimposed and the analytical definitions of the waveforms are presented in the electronic supplementary material.