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. 2016 Dec 1;7:181. doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0439-4

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — DCA/LCA induction of CSC phenotypic characters in HCoEpiC is mediated by M3R and knockdown of M3R decreased ALDHA1, c-Myc, and TCF/LCF activity in cells treated with DCA. Induction of M3R in HCoEpiC following incubation with 100 μM DCA or LCA after 72 h (a). Downregulation of M3R in cells following transfection with either of two siRNAs (si-M3RT2 and si-M3RT3) for M3R (b). ALDHA1 and c-Myc expression is reduced in M3R-downregulated cells (c). Suppression of DCA-induced stimulation of ALDH1, CD166, and c-Myc expression in M3R-downregulated cells (d–f). Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of three separate determinations. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, compared with the control. DCA (deoxycholic acid), LCA (lithocholic acid)