Table 2.
Bivariate associations between standardized cognitive score at age 50 and predictive variables over the life-course (linear regression)
| Unstandardized B Standardized β |
95% CI (p-value) | t-test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition in childhood | ||||
| Standardized score at age 11 | Per unit | 0.29 0.36 |
0.27 to 0.30 (<0.0001) |
35.0 |
| Social network | ||||
| Age 33 | ||||
| Has at least 1 friend/ neighbour/colleague could turn to for advice | No / No one mentioned | 0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.41 0.08 |
0.30 to 0.51 (<0.0001) |
7.70 | |
| Has at least 1 member of family could turn to for advice | No/ No one mentioned | 0 (ref) | ||
| Yes | 0.46 0.08 |
0.34 to 0.58 (<0.0001) |
7.50 | |
| Number of civic group activities participated in | Per 1 activity + | 0.56 0.12 |
0.45 to 0.65 (<0.0001) |
11.00 |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Has somebody could turn to for advice | No | 0 (ref) | ||
| Family member | 0.60 0.11 |
0.31 to 0.90 (<0.0001) |
4.01 | |
| Friend/colleague/neighbour | 0.64 0.11 |
0.33 to 0.95 (<0.0001) |
4.03 | |
| Age 50 | ||||
| Number of civic group activities participated in | Per 1 activity + | 0.39 0.13 |
0.32 to 0.45 (<0.0001) |
12.13 |
| Health and Health behaviour | ||||
| Age 33 | ||||
| Self-rated health | Poor | 0 (ref) | ||
| Fair | 0.23 0.03 |
–0.28 to 0.75 (0.38) |
0.88 | |
| Good | 0.73 0.15 |
0.24 to 1.22 (0.004) |
2.91 | |
| Excellent | 0.98 0.20 |
0.41 to 1.48 (<0.0001) |
3.87 | |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Mental well-being (Malaise score; 9-item version) | Better (0–3) | 0 (ref) | ||
| Worse (4+) | –0.45 –0.06 |
–0.61 to –0.29 (<0.0001) |
–5.41 | |
| Frequency of drinking alcohol | Never | 0 (ref) | ||
| Not now/ special occasions | –0.09 –0.1 |
–0.60 to 0.41 (0.72) |
–0.35 | |
| Once in a week | 0.11 0.02 |
–0.38 to 0.61 (0.66) |
0.44 | |
| More often | 0.56 0.11 |
0.07 to 1.06 (0.03) |
2.23 | |
| Frequency of smoking | No | 0 (ref) | ||
| Used to / occasionally | –0.08 –0.01 |
–0.20 to 0.04 (0.21) |
–1.24 | |
| Daily | –0.58 –0.10 |
–0.71 to –0.44 (<0.0001) |
–8.63 | |
| Takes part in sporting activities and how frequently | Not regularly/ less often than once in month | 0 (ref) | ||
| 2–3 times in month | 0.51 0.05 |
0.28 to 0.74 (<0.0001) |
4.46 | |
| Once in week | 0.52 0.08 |
0.36 to 0.67 (<0.0001) |
6.55 | |
| 2–3 times in a week | 0.58 0.10 |
0.43 to 0.73 (<0.0001) |
7.61 | |
| 4 times in week/every day | 0.40 0.07 |
0.25 to 0.54 (<0.0001) |
5.43 | |
| Socio-economic background | ||||
| Age 11 | ||||
| Father’s social class | Professional | 0 (ref) | ||
| Managerial-technical | –0.40 –0.07 |
–0.64 to –0.15 (0.002) |
–3.17 | |
| Skilled non-man | –0.65 –0.08 |
–0.93 to –0.38 (<0.0001) |
–4.68 | |
| Skilled manual | –1.15 –0.23 |
–1.38 to –0.92 (<0.0001) |
–9.75 | |
| Partly skilled | –1.35 –0.20 |
–1.60 to –1.09 (<0.0001) |
–10.46 | |
| Unskilled | –1.66 –0.15 |
–1.98 to –1.34 (<0.0001) |
–10.25 | |
| No male head | –1.04 –0.09 |
–1.37 to –0.71 (<0.0001) |
–6.23 | |
| Housing tenure | Owner occupied | 0 (ref) | ||
| Council rented | –0.75 –0.15 |
–0.86 to –0.64 (<0.0001) |
–13.12 | |
| Private rented | –0.48 –0.05 |
–0.69 to –0.28 (<0.0001) |
–4.60 | |
| Rent free | –0.31 –0.03 |
–0.56 to –0.06 (0.02) |
–2.42 | |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Own social class | Professional | 0 (ref) | ||
| Managerial-technical | –0.51 –0.10 |
–0.75 to –0.26 (<0.0001) |
–4.09 | |
| Skilled non-man | –0.96 –0.17 |
–1.21 to –0.70 (<0.0001) |
–7.34 | |
| Skilled manual | –1.71 –0.28 |
–1.97 to –1.45 (<0.0001) |
–12.97 | |
| Partly skilled | –1.55 –0.21 |
–1.83 to –1.28 (<0.0001) |
–11.04 | |
| Unskilled | –2.11 –0.15 |
–2.50 to –1.71 (<0.0001) |
–10.43 | |
| Age 50 | ||||
| Highest achieved qualification | None | 0 (ref) | ||
| CSE or equivalent | 0.41 0.05 |
0.20 to 0.62 (<0.0001) |
3.89 | |
| GCSE or equivalent | 0.96 0.17 |
0.78 to 1.14 (<0.0001) |
10.56 | |
| AS/A level or equivalent | 1.37 0.22 |
1.18 to 1.56 (<0.0001) |
14.24 | |
| Degree/teaching diploma/vocational NVQ4 diploma | 2.07 0.40 |
1.89 to 2.24 (<0.0001) |
23.46 | |
| Higher Degree/vocational NVQ5 diploma | 2.63 0.22 |
2.35 to 2.91 (<0.0001) |
18.62 | |
| Gender | Male | 0 (ref) | ||
| Female | 0.47 0.10 |
0.37 to 0.57 (<0.0001) |
9.08 | |