Table 3.
Multiple linear regression; association between predictors and cognitive status at age 50 (data imputed for missing cases; estimated model)
| Stand-ard-ised β | 95% CI (p-value) | t-test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition in childhood | ||||
| Standardized score at age 11 | Per unit | 0.19 | 0.17 to 0.21 (<0.0001) | 18.73 |
| Social network | ||||
| Age 33 | ||||
| Has > = 1 friend/neighbour/ colleague could turn to for advice (ref = 0 ‘No/No one mentioned) | Yes | 0.10 | –0.04 to 0.17 (0.16) | 1.42 |
| Has at least 1 member of family could turn to for advice (ref = 0 ‘No/No one mentioned) | Yes | –0.11 | –0.18 to 0.08 (0.02) | –2.32 |
| Number of civic group activities participated in | Per 1 activity + | 0.12 | 0.02 to 0.22 (0.03) | 2.22 |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Has somebody could turn to for advice (ref = 0 ‘Nobody’) | Family member | –0.01 | –0.30 to 0.27 (0.93) | –0.09 |
| Friend/colleague/neighbour | 0.02 | –0.27 to 0.32 (0.89) | 0.15 | |
| Age 50 | ||||
| Number of civic group activities participated in | Per 1 activity more | 0.13 | 0.07 to 0.20 (<0.0001) | 4.34 |
| Health and Health behaviour | ||||
| Age 33 | ||||
| Self-rated health (ref = 0 ‘Poor’) | Fair | 0.01 | –0.49 to 0.50 (0.99) | 0.01 |
| Good | 0.14 | –0.36 to 0.64 (0.58) | 0.56 | |
| Excellent | 0.16 | –0.35 to 0.68 (0.52) | 0.64 | |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Mental well-being (Malaise score; 9-item version) ref = 0 ‘Better 0/3’ | Worse (4+) | –0.18 | –0.33 to –0.02 (0.03) | –2.23 |
| Frequency of drinking alcohol (ref = 0 ‘Never’) | Not now/Special occasions | 0.11 | –0.39 to 0.60 (0.67) | 0.42 |
| Once a week | 0.18 | –0.32 to 0.67 (0.49) | 0.71 | |
| More often | 0.30 | –0.21 to 0.81 (0.24) | 1.18 | |
| Frequency of smoking (ref = 0 ‘No) | Used to/ occasionally | 0.07 | –0.04 to 0.19 (0.21) | 1.22 |
| Daily | 0.03 | –0.1 to 0.17 (0.61) | 0.51 | |
| Takes part in sporting activities and how frequently (ref = 0 ‘Not regularly’) | 2–3 times a month | 0.16 | –0.05 to 0.38 (0.13) | 1.50 |
| Once a week | 0.15 | 0.01 to 0.30 (0.03) | 2.14 | |
| 2–3 times a week | 0.19 | 0.05 to 0.33 (0.01) | 2.59 | |
| 4 times week / everyday | 0.18 | 0.05 to 0.31 (0.006) | 2.73 | |
| Socio-economic background | ||||
| Age 11 | ||||
| Father’s (male head) social class (ref = 0 ‘Professional’) | Managerial-technical | –0.17 | –0.42 to 0.07 (0.16) | –1.41 |
| Skilled non-manual | –0.24 | –0.53 to 0.05 (0.09) | –1.70 | |
| Skilled manual | –0.22 | –0.47 to 0.01 (0.05) | –1.94 | |
| Partly skilled | –0.27 | –0.52 to –0.03 (0.03) | –2.21 | |
| Unskilled | –0.29 | –0.58 to 0.02 (0.06) | –1.90 | |
| No male head | –0.10 | –0.41 to 0.24 (0.57) | –0.57 | |
| \Housing tenure (ref = 0 ‘Owner occupied’) | Council rented | –0.03 | –0.15 to 0.08 (0.51) | –0.66 |
| Private rented | 0.02 | –0.17 to 0.22 (0.82) | 0.23 | |
| Rent free | 0.06 | –0.21 to 0.25 (0.63) | 0.48 | |
| Age 42 | ||||
| Own social class ((ref = 0 ‘Professional’) | Managerial-technical | –0.06 | –0.28 to 0.16 (0.61) | –0.50 |
| Skilled non-manual | –0.17 | –0.43 to 0.09 (0.19) | –1.27 | |
| Skilled manual | –0.28 | –0.54 to –0.03 (0.03) | –2.17 | |
| Partly skilled | –0.32 | –0.60 to –0.04 (0.02) | –2.22 | |
| Unskilled | –0.38 | –0.76 to –0.004 (0.05) | –1.96 | |
| Age 50 | ||||
| Highest achieved qualification (ref = 0 ‘None’) | CSE or equivalent | 0.23 | 0.003 to 0.41 (0.03) | 2.16 |
| GCSE or equivalent | 0.33 | 0.15 to 0.51 (<0.0001) | 3.61 | |
| AS/ A-level or equivalent | 0.61 | 0.42 to 0.80 (<0.0001) | 6.27 | |
| Degree/teaching diploma/vocational NVQ4 diploma | 0.83 | 0.64 to 1.02 (<0.0001) | 8.44 | |
| Higher degree/NVQ5 diploma | 1.08 | 0.79 to 1.38 (<0.0001) | 7.17 | |
| Gender (ref = 0 Male) | Female | 0.49 | 0.38 to 0.60 (<0.0001) | 9.22 |
| Constant | –0.90 | –1.66 to –0.14 (0.02) | –2.32 | |
| R2 | 0.1767 | |||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.1730 | |||
| F statistic (40, 6463.0) | 42.47 | |||
| P-value | <0.0001 | |||