Table 3.
Comparison of Nursing Homes in States with P4P (Colorado, Georgia, and Oklahoma) and without P4P (Arizona, Tennessee, and Arkansas) in the One Year Prior to Implementation of P4P in Each State
| CO (n = 204) | AZ (n = 128) | p‐value | GA (n = 353) | TN (n = 315) | p‐value | OK (n = 330) | AR (n = 227) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nursing home characteristics | |||||||||
| Percent Medicaid, mean (SD) | 58.2 (21.9) | 57.8 (28.7) | .872 | 73.5 (18.6) | 65.6 (21.9) | .000 | 68.1 (18.8) | 69.5 (17.8) | .389 |
| Percent Medicare, mean (SD) | 11.2 (12.9) | 14.6 (14.5) | .026 | 11.4 (9.6) | 16.3 (14.7) | .000 | 10.0 (13.2) | 11.3 (13.4) | .263 |
| Ownership, % | .118 | .016 | .413 | ||||||
| Government | 8.9 | 3.1 | 8.2 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 4.5 | |||
| Not for profit | 20.8 | 20.5 | 25.5 | 18.1 | 9.4 | 12.6 | |||
| For profit | 70.3 | 76.4 | 66.3 | 76.4 | 87.0 | 82.9 | |||
| Hospital‐based, % | 5.9 | 0.8 | .019 | 13.3 | 5.5 | .001 | 1.9 | 3.1 | .377 |
| Chain, % | 58.4 | 57.8 | .914 | 74.2 | 64.5 | .007 | 30.8 | 50.0 | .000 |
| Total beds, mean (SD) | 96.2 (45.0) | 123.8 (51.9) | .000 | 112.9 (51.2) | 119.0 (55.5) | .137 | 94.0 (39.5) | 107.8 (34.3) | .000 |
| Female residents, % | 69.0 | 68.2 | .646 | 71.7 | 72.3 | .500 | 71.9 | 71.7 | .875 |
| Race of residents, % | |||||||||
| White | 76.7 | 86.4 | .000 | 68.9 | 85.2 | .000 | 87.7 | 84.2 | .017 |
| Black | 3.5 | 4.1 | .519 | 30.0 | 14.3 | .000 | 6.4 | 15.3 | .000 |
| Hispanic | 8.5 | 11.3 | .038 | 0.4 | 0.2 | .000 | 1.0 | 0.2 | .000 |
| Other | 1.5 | 7.8 | .000 | 0.6 | 0.3 | .138 | 4.9 | 0.3 | .000 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.4 (8.0) | 79.1 (8.7) | .182 | 78.9 (6.6) | 79.9 (4.9) | .028 | 78.7 (5.9) | 80.8 (4.3) | .000 |
| Cognitive performance scale, mean (SD) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.6) | .045 | 3.3 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.6) | .000 | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | .000 |
| ADL scale, mean (SD) | 11.1 (1.9) | 10.8 (1.5) | .114 | 11.3 (1.4) | 11.5 (1.4) | .105 | 9.5 (1.3) | 11.0 (1.4) | .000 |
| Clinically complex scale, mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | .000 | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.2) | .000 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | .000 |
| Nursing home performance measures | |||||||||
| % of residents who…, mean (SD) | |||||||||
| Had moderate to severe pain | 9.2 (10.2) | 11.0 (8.3) | .092 | 9.4 (7.5) | 8.2 (6.8) | .030 | 12.5 (10.9) | 6.9 (6.0) | .000 |
| Developed pressure sores | 10.2 (7.4) | 11.2 (6.7) | .237 | 14.3 (7.5) | 12.4 (6.5) | .000 | 15.8 (7.8) | 12.8 (8.8) | .000 |
| Were physically restrained | 5.3 (8.6) | 3.9 (4.7) | .110 | 6.2 (4.8) | 7.6 (7.2) | .005 | 10.3 (7.1) | 12.8 (8.2) | .002 |
| Had falls | 11.8 (4.0) | 10.7 (5.2) | .023 | 9.4 (3.0) | 8.6 (4.1) | .009 | 9.1 (4.0) | 8.6 (3.4) | .095 |
| Had bladder catheter inserted | 8.0 (6.3) | 8.1 (7.1) | .902 | 5.2 (3.7) | 7.2 (6.4) | .000 | 7.7 (7.9) | 6.2 (3.2) | .008 |
| Had unexplained weight loss | 10.0 (8.1) | 7.9 (4.5) | .007 | 9.7 (4.0) | 10.5 (4.5) | .015 | 8.7 (5.6) | 8.5 (4.1) | .702 |