. 2016 Nov 5;16(11):1863. doi: 10.3390/s16111863

Table 1.

Examples of biosensors for the detection of allergens based on screen-printed electrodes.

Allergen/Real Matrix	Biorecognition Details	Detection Method and Electrode Details	Analytical Characteristics	Reference
β-casein	Direct detection; Protein A/Ab	SPCE pretreated EC; direct oxidation of casein by DPV	Detection of 1, 10 and 100 µg·mL⁻¹	[36]
β-casein	Competitive; β-casein/Ab/HRP-labeled anti-IgG Ab	SPCE-plasma activated; amperometric reduction of BQ at −0.28 V;	LR: 0–10 ppm	[35]
Bovine casein and bovine gamma globulin G (bIgG) in milk	Direct; QD-labeled Ab on screen-printed foldable membrane	Bi-SPCE with bismuth citrate; ASV of Pb and Cd from QD s	DL: 40 ng·mL⁻¹ (casein)	[91]
Bovine casein and bovine gamma globulin G (bIgG) in milk	Direct; QD-labeled Ab on screen-printed foldable membrane	Bi-SPCE with bismuth citrate; ASV of Pb and Cd from QD s	DL 20 ng mL⁻¹ (bIgG)	[91]
β-lactoglobulin/cake, cheese snacks, sweet biscuits	Direct; Ab/β-lactoglobulin	GR-SPCE; DPV of [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−	LR: 1 pg·mL⁻¹ to 100 ng·mL⁻¹	[40]
β-lactoglobulin/cake, cheese snacks, sweet biscuits	Direct; Ab/β-lactoglobulin	GR-SPCE; DPV of [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−	DL:0.85 pg·mL⁻¹	[40]
β-lactoglobulin/milk	Sandwich; magneto immunoassay; Ab-MBs/β-lactoglobulin/ HRP-Ab	SPCE; amperometry, reduction of BQ at −0.2 V	LR: 2.8–100 ng·mL⁻¹	[89]
β-lactoglobulin/milk		SPCE; amperometry, reduction of BQ at −0.2 V	DL: 0.8 ng·mL⁻¹	[89]
Ovalbumin	Sandwich; magneto immunoassay; Ab-MBs/ovalbumin/HRP-Ab	SPPtE; LSV of H₂O₂ using thionine as mediator	LR:11–222 nM	[82]
Ovalbumin	Sandwich; magneto immunoassay; Ab-MBs/ovalbumin/HRP-Ab	SPPtE; LSV of H₂O₂ using thionine as mediator	DL: 5 nM	[82]
Ovalbumin/spiked cake extract	Direct; Ab/ovalbumin	GR-SPCE, DPV of Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−;	LR: 1 pg·mL⁻¹–0.5 μg·mL⁻¹;	[41]
Ovalbumin/spiked cake extract	Direct; Ab/ovalbumin	GR-SPCE, DPV of Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−;	DL: 0.83 pg·mL⁻¹	[41]
Genes encoding hazelnut allergens Cor a 1.04 and Cor a 1.03)/hazelnut, chocolate, soymilk, biscuits, lecithin supplements, ketchup, snack, breakfast cereal, peanut butter	Sandwich; tCP/PCR products/bSP/SA-ALP	SPAuE;DPV of α-naphthol	LR: up to 20 nM [Cor a 1.04, Cor a 1.03]	[64]
	Sandwich; tCP/PCR products/bSP/SA-ALP	SPAuE;DPV of α-naphthol	DL: 0.3 nM (Cor a 1.03) 0.1 nM (Cor a 1.04)	[64]
Gene encoding Ara h 2 peanut protein	Sandwich; tCP/target DNA + bSP/SA-ALP	SPAuE; DPV of 1-naphtophenol	LR: 50 pM–50 nM	[65]
			DL: 10 pM;
			RSD: 7.22% (n = 8)
			S: 3 µA/nM
Ara h 1/food extracts (hazelnuts; peanuts, chocolate bars; chocolate chip cookies; peanut creams; peanut oil) and saliva	Sandwich; cAb-MB/Ara h 1/bAb/SA-HRP	SPCE, amperometry, HQ detection at −0.2 V	LR: 20.8–1000 ng·mL⁻¹	[96]
	Sandwich; cAb-MB/Ara h 1/bAb/SA-HRP	SPCE, amperometry, HQ detection at −0.2 V	DL: 6.3 ng·mL⁻¹	[96]
Ara h 1/cookies and chocolate	Sandwich; cAb/Ara h 1/b-Ab/SA-ALP	AuNPs-modified SPCE; LSW for stripping enzymatically deposited Ag	LR: 12.6–2000 ng mL⁻¹	[94]
Ara h 1/cookies and chocolate	Sandwich; cAb/Ara h 1/b-Ab/SA-ALP		DL: 3.8 ng·mL⁻¹	[94]
dual detection of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2/ wheat flour, hazelnuts; peanuts; chocolate bars with roasted peanuts and peanut cream;	Sandwich; Magneto-immunoassay; cAb-MBs/Ara h 1/b-Ab/SA-HRP-polymer (Ara h 1); cAb-MBs/Ara h 2/Ab/F(ab’)₂-HRP (Ara h 2)	Dual SPCE; amperometry, HQ detection at −0.2 V	Ara h 1:	[90]
			LR: 60–1000 ng·mL⁻¹
			DL: 18 ng·mL⁻¹
			Ara h 2:
			LR: 0.25–5 ng·mL⁻¹
			DL: 0.07 ng·mL⁻¹;
Ara h 6/chocolate and cookies	Sandwich; cAb/Ara h 1/b-Ab/SA-ALP	AuNPs-modified SPCE; LSW of enzymatically deposited Ag	LR: 1–100 ng·mL⁻¹	[100]
			DL: 0.27 ng·mL⁻¹;
			RSD ≤ 9.8% (n = 6)
Gluten/gluten-free foods (including heat-treated and hydrolysed)	Competitive; 33-mer peptide-modified MBs/b-APT+gliadin/SA-HRP. APT: Gli 1 or Gli 4	SPCE; chrono-amperometry at 0 V of TMBox	DL: 4.9 ng·mL⁻¹ (Gli 1);	[61]
		SPCE; chrono-amperometry at 0 V of TMBox	DL: 0.5 ng·mL⁻¹ (Gli 4)	[61]
Sequence encoding the 33-mer peptide in wheat/wheat flour	Sandwich; tCP/target DNA + FITC-SP/anti-FITC-Fab–HRP	SPAuE; chronoamperometry at −0.2 V of TMB_ox for 60 s	LR: up to 50 nM;	[66]
Sequence encoding the 33-mer peptide in wheat/wheat flour	Sandwich; tCP/target DNA + FITC-SP/anti-FITC-Fab–HRP	SPAuE; chronoamperometry at −0.2 V of TMB_ox for 60 s	DL: 0.3 nM	[66]
DNA encoding gliadin fragment	Sandwich; tCP/target DNA + b-SP/SA-HRP	SPAuE; chrono- amperometry at 0 V of TMB_ox	LR: 5–50 nM	[97]
			DL: 1 nM
			RSD (n = 3) = 21% (10 nM) and 4.3% (5 nM).
Lysozyme/wine	Direct; APT Cox/lysozyme and APT Tran/lysozyme	SPCE/EIS	Apt Cox:	[39]
			LR: 0.1–0.8 μM
			DL: 100 nM
			Apt Tran:
			LR: 0.025–0.8 μM
			DL:25 nM
Lysozyme/wine	Sandwich; APT/lysozyme/ALP-Ab	SPCE; DPV, 1-naphtol	LR: 5 fM– 5 nM	[34]
Lysozyme/wine	Sandwich; APT/lysozyme/ALP-Ab	SPCE; DPV, 1-naphtol	DL: 4.3 fM	[34]
Lysozyme/egg white	Direct; APT/lysozyme	AuNP-SPCE; SWV, [Ru(NH3)₆]³⁺	LR:1–50.0 pg·mL⁻¹	[43]
Lysozyme/egg white	Direct; APT/lysozyme	AuNP-SPCE; SWV, [Ru(NH3)₆]³⁺	DL: 0.3 pg·mL⁻¹	[43]
Lysozyme	Direct; APT/lysozyme	MWCNT–SPCE, EIS [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4−	DL: 12.09 ng mL⁻¹ (862 nM)	[42]
Lysozyme	Direct; MIP/lysozyme	SPPtE, CV	1 µg·mL⁻¹ leads to 30.3% reduction in current, compared to 4.5% for control	[46]

Abbreviations: Ab-MBs: magnetic beads modified with capture Ab; tCP: thiolated capture probe; bSP: biotinylated signalling probe; SA-ALP: streptavidin–alkaline phosphatase conjugate; GR-graphene; SPCE, SPAuE, SPPtE: screen-printed carbon, gold and platinum electrode; LSV: linear sweep voltammetry; b-APT: biotinylated aptamer; TMB_ox: oxidized TMB formed in the reaction with H₂O₂ catalysed by HRP; FITC-SP: FITC-labeled signalling probe. Au NPs: gold nanoparticles; MWCNT: multiwall carbon nanotubes. Bi-SPCE SPCE loaded with bismuth citrate; ASV: adsorbtive stripping voltammetry.