Table 2.
Geometric Mean Biomarker Concentrations by Tobacco Use Status, NHANES 1999-2012
| Biomarkers of Exposure | Non-Tobacco Users | Exclusive Smokeless Tobacco Users | Exclusive Cigarette Smokers | Dual Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Users |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum cotinine, ng/mL | ||||
| Number of observations | 15424 | 476 | 6439 | 90 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 0.043 (0.041, 0.046) | 179.6 (145.8, 221.1) | 130.6 (122.3, 139.6) | 184.1 (132.4, 256.0) |
| Urinary NNAL, pg/mg creatinine | ||||
| Number of observations | 7243 | 210 | 2952 | 43 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 583.0 (445.2, 763.5) | 217.6 (193.0, 245.2) | 430.3 (284.8, 650.1) |
| Blood cadmium, μg/L | ||||
| Number of observations | 15687 | 254 | 6509 | 90 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 0.268 (0.262, 0.273) | 0.220 (0.201, 0.240) | 0.941 (0.916, 0.968) | 0.644 (0.515, 0.806) |
| Blood lead, μg/L | ||||
| Number of observations | 15687 | 477 | 6509 | 90 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 1.18 (1.16, 1.21) | 1.76 (1.62, 1.91) | 1.76 (1.71, 1.81) | 1.76 (1.55, 2.00) |
| Blood mercury, μg/L | ||||
| Number of observations | 12997 | 357 | 5258 | 64 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.80) |
| Urinary arsenic, ng/mg creatinine | ||||
| Number of observations | 3905 | 119 | 1538 | 27 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 9.53 (8.98, 10.11) | 6.43 (5.36, 7.71) | 7.65 (7.05, 8.30) | 6.73 (4.84, 9.37) |
| Urinary CYMA, ng/mg creatinine | ||||
| Number of observations | 1883 | 41 | 1202 | 14 |
| Mean (95% CI) | 1.47 (1.37, 1.58) | 2.21 (1.11, 4.39) | 117.3 (103.1, 133.4) | 35.4 (2.1, 606.8) |
Note: Urinary NNAL, arsenic, and CYMA concentrations were adjusted for creatinine. NNAL data were available for 2007-2012 NHANES participants, arsenic data were available for 2003-2012 NHANES participants, and CYMA data were available for 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 NHANES participants. Former cigarette smokers were excluded from smokeless tobacco users for the analysis for cadmium.