Table 3.
Geometric Mean Ratios for Biomarkers of Exposure by Tobacco Use Status, NHANES 1999-2012
| Biomarker | Tobacco Use Category | Unadjusted Geometric Mean Ratio (95% Cl) | Adjusted Geometric Mean Ratio (95% Cl) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serum cotinine | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 4160 (3406, 5081) | 3194 (2623, 3888) |
| Exclusive cigarette smokers | 3027 (2801, 3270) | 2439 (2240, 2655) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 4265 (3064, 5936) | 3009 (2174, 4164) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Urinary NNAL | Excluisve smokeless tobacco users | 760 (574, 1006) | 587 (451, 764) |
| Exclusive cigarette smokers | 229 (205, 255) | 190 (171, 210) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 541 (313, 935) | 393 (252, 614) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Blood cadmium | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) |
| Exclusive cigarette smokers | 3.52 (3.41, 3.63) | 3.69 (3.57, 3.81) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 2.41 (1.93, 3.00) | 3.10 (2.50, 3.85) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Blood lead | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 1.49 (1.37, 1.61) | 1.30 (1.21, 1.38) |
| Exclusive cigarette smokers | 1.48 (1.44, 1.53) | 1.46 (1.42, 1.49) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 1.49 (1.31, 1.70) | 1.50 (1.34, 1.67) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Blood mercury | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) |
| Exclusive cigarette smokers | 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 0.62 (0.48, 0.79) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.89) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Urinary arsenic | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) |
| Exclusive cigarette only smokers | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) | |
| Dual cigarette/smokeless tobacco users | 0.83 (0.45, 1.55) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.10) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 | |
| Urinary CYMA | Exclusive smokeless tobacco users | 2.04 (1.04, 4.01) | 1.62 (0.83, 3.18) |
| Exclusive cigarette only smokers | 84.9 (72.5, 99.3) | 75.3 (65.2, 87.1) | |
| Dual cigarette/cigarette smokers | 33.5 (0.8, 1398.5) | 18.4 (0.7, 463.5) | |
| Non-tobacco users (Ref) | 1 | 1 |
Note: NNAL data were available for 2007-2012 NHANES participants, arsenic data were available for 2003-2012 NHANES participants, and CYMA data were available for 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 NHANES participants. The adjusted geometric mean ratios control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and body mass index For urinary arsenic, CYMA, and NNAL, the adjusted ratios further control for urinary creatinine.