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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 23.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2016 Nov 24;539(7630):524–529. doi: 10.1038/nature20166

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Type III effectors AvrE and HopM1 are necessary and sufficient to cause water soaking. a, Pictures of Col-0 leaves 24 h post infiltration with bacteria (1-2×108 cfu/ml). Humidity: ~95%. b, Pictures of leaves of transgenic 6xHis:HopM122, 6xHis:AvrE23 or AvrPto32 plants after spray with 10μM dexamethasone (DEX; to induce effector gene expression). Humidity: ~95%. Col-0 or Col-0 gl plants were non-transgenic parental controls. Images were representative of leaves from more than four plants. c, Pictures of Col-0 leaves (left) and bacterial populations (right) 24 h post infiltration with Pst DC3000 (1×106 cfu/ml) or the avrE−/hopM1− strain (1×107 cfu/ml). Humidity: ~95%. Student’s t-test (two-tailed) was performed; ns, not significant (p=0.104). n=3 biological replicates; error bars, mean±s.d. Experiments were repeated three times. d, Bacterial populations in Col-0 plants 3 days post infiltration with bacteria at 2×105 cfu/ml. *** indicates a significant difference (p=1.07×10−6, 8.07×10−7 and 5.95×10−7 for DC3000, the avrE− mutant and the hopM1− mutant, respectively) of bacterial population between different humidities, as determined by Student’s t-test (two-tailed); ns, not significant (p=0.13). n=4 technical replicates; error bars, mean±s.d. Experiments were repeated three times. e-f, Bacterial populations (e) and leaf pictures (f) in Col-0 leaves 3 days post infiltration with bacteria at 1×105 cfu/ml. In the “− H2O” treatment, plants were air-dried normally (for ~2 h) and then kept under high humidity (~95%). In the “+H2O” treatment, plants were kept under high (80-95%) humidity after syringe-infiltration to allow slow evaporation of water (for ~16 h, until no visible apoplast water can be seen). ** (p=8.29×10−3 and 1.14×10−3 for DC3000 and hrcC−, respectively) and *** (p=7.61×10−7 and 9.82×10−4 for avrE−/hopM1− and CUCPB5452, respectively) indicate significant differences between “− H2O” and “+H2O” treatments as determined by Student’s t-test (two-tailed). n=3 technical replicates; error bars, mean±s.d. Experiments were repeated three times.